由於市場上對於護膚品的需求逐年增加，近年來許多研究致力於開發天然原料作為護膚產品。石蓴多醣 (Ulvan, UP) 為石蓴屬 (Ulva spp.) 中含量最高的生物活性成分，具有抗氧化、抗發炎與抗老化等護膚功效，而肉桂 (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, CZ) 與孜然 (Cuminum cyminum, CC) 精油中的生物活性成分則具有抗氧化與抗發炎作用。奈米乳化液具有高穩定性，且能提升疏水性化合物的溶解度，增進生物活性物質的利用。本研究目的為製備含石蓴多醣、孜然精油或肉桂精油之四種奈米乳化液 (分別為孜然精油奈米乳化液 CC@NE、石蓴多醣-孜然精油奈米乳化液 UP-CC@NE、肉桂精油奈米乳化液 CZ@NE、石蓴多醣-肉桂精油奈米乳化液 UP-CZ@NE)。接著探討其物理性質、儲存安定性及其對皮膚細胞之抗氧化、抑制黑色素生成、抗光老化及基質金屬蛋白酶活性抑制之影響。實驗結果顯示，CC@NE、UP-CC@NE、CZ@NE 與 UP-CZ@NE 之液滴尺寸大小皆低於 200 nm，PDI 皆小於 0.25，液滴表面電位介於 -1.18 mV – -11.90 mV。接著以小鼠皮下纖維母細胞 (L-929) 進行生物相容性測試，經 0.25% UP-CC@NE 與 UP-CZ@NE 處理 24 小時後細胞存活率大於 70%。抗氧化能力評估試驗中，CC@NE、UP-CC@NE、CZ@NE 與 UP-CZ@NE 於濃度 25% 時皆具 DPPH 自由基清除力、亞鐵離子螯合能力、還原力與總抗氧化能力，其中以 CC@NE 與 UP-CC@NE 效果較佳。於細胞模式下，CC@NE、UP-CC@NE、CZ@NE 與 UP-CZ@NE 於濃度 0.25% 時皆可減緩 H2O2 誘導 HaCaT 細胞內 ROS 之生成，其中以 UP-CZ@NE 之效果較佳。抑制黑色素生成方面，經0.01 – 1% CC@NE、UP-CC@NE、CZ@NE 與 UP-CZ@NE 處理後可以濃度依賴性降低細胞存活率，且於濃度 0.025% 時 CC@NE、UP-CC@NE、CZ@NE 與 UP-CZ@NE 皆可顯著降低 B16-F10 細胞內黑色素生成 (10.09 – 44.71% )、細胞外黑色素生成 (44.63 – 45.74%) 及細胞內酪胺酸酶活性 (79.80 – 84.52%)。抗光老化方面，經 0.1% UP-CC@NE 處理後可顯著提升受 UVA 損傷之 HaCaT 細胞活性，並且能降低 HaCaT 細胞內 ROS 之生成。基質金屬蛋白酶活性抑制方面，濃度為 25% 之 UP-CC@NE 與 UP-CZ@NE 可顯著抑制膠原蛋白酶與彈性蛋白酶活性。綜合上述結果，石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液具抗氧化及抑制黑色素生成的能力，其中 UP-CC@NE 與其他配方相比具較佳之皮膚保護活性，未來可望應用於天然皮膚保健品與藥妝產業中。

Due to increasing demand for skincare products in the market, many recent studies have focused on developing natural ingredients for skincare. Ulvan (UP), found in highest concentration in Ulva spp., exhibits skincare benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects. Additionally, bioactive components in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, CZ) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum, CC) essential oils possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nanoemulsions offer high stability and enhance the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, thereby improving the bioavailability of active substances. Therefore, this study aimed to prepare nanoemulsions containing ulvan, cumin essential oil, or cinnamon essential oil (Cuminum cyminum essential oil nanoemulsion CC@NE, ulvan-Cuminum cyminum essential oil nanoemulsion UP-CC@NE, Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil nanoemulsion CZ@NE, and ulvan-Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil nanoemulsion UP-CZ@NE). The physical properties and storage stability of these formulations were investigated, along with their effects on antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, anti-photoaging, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition in skin cells. Experimental results showed that droplet sizes of CC@NE, UP-CC@NE, CZ@NE, and UP-CZ@NE were all below 200 nm, with polydispersity index (PDI) below 0.25, and Zeta-potentials ranging from -1.18 to -11.90 mV. Biocompatibility tests using mouse fibroblast cells (L-929) showed cell viability above 70% after 24 hours of treatment with 0.25% UP-CC@NE and UP-CZ@NE. At a concentration of 25%, CC@NE, UP-CC@NE, CZ@NE, and UP-CZ@NE exhibited DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating ability, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity, with CC@NE and UP-CC@NE showing superior effects. In cell models, these nanoemulsions at 0.25% concentration mitigated H2O2-induced ROS generation in HaCaT cells, with UP-CZ@NE showing the best efficacy. In terms of anti-melanogenesis, treatment with 0.01% to 1% concentrations of these nanoemulsions reduced melanogenesis in B16-F10 cells, with significant reductions observed at 0.025% concentration in CC@NE, UP-CC@NE, CZ@NE, and UP-CZ@NE. Anti-photoaging effects were notable with 0.1% UP-CC@NE significantly enhancing cell viability to prevent UVA damage and reducing ROS generation in HaCaT cells. At 25% concentration, UP-CC@NE and UP-CZ@NE effectively inhibited collagenase and elastase activities. Overall, Ulvan-plant essential oil nanoemulsions demonstrated antioxidant and melanogenesis inhibition activities, with UP-CC@NE showing superior skin protective activity compared to other formulations, suggesting potential applications in natural skincare and cosmeceutical industries.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 XI
附錄目錄 XII
縮寫表 XIII
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻整理 3
一、皮膚 3
1-1. 簡介 3
1-2. 皮膚老化 3
1-2-1. 皮膚氧化傷害之生成 3
1-2-2. 光老化 3
1-2-3. 氧化傷害與皮膚老化之關聯 4
1-3. 黑色素 4
1-3-1. 黑色素生成 5
1-3-2. 美白活性物質 5
二、石蓴 (Ulva spp.) 6
2-1. 簡介 6
2-2. 石蓴多醣 (Ulvan, Ulva polysaccharides) 6
2-2-1. 石蓴多醣結構 6
2-2-2. 生理活性 7
2-2-2-1. 抗氧化 7
2-2-2-2. 抗發炎 7
2-2-2-3.抗皮膚老化 8
2-2-2-4. 抑制黑色素生成 8
2-2-3. 石蓴多醣於奈米材料之應用 8
三、肉桂 (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) 9
3-1. 簡介 9
3-2. 肉桂精油 9
3-2-1. 生理活性 9
3-2-1-1. 抗氧化 9
3-2-1-2. 抑制酪胺酸酶活性 9
3-2-1-3. 抗發炎 9
四、孜然 (Cuminum cyminum) 11
4-1. 簡介 11
4-2. 精油 11
4-2-1. 生理活性 11
4-2-1-1. 抗氧化 11
4-2-1-2. 抗發炎 11
4-2-1-3. 抑制黑色素生成 12
五、奈米乳化液 13
5-1. 奈米乳化液簡介 13
5-2. 奈米乳化液之特性 13
5-3. 奈米乳化液於藥妝產業之應用 13
參、實驗設計 14
肆、材料方法 15
一、實驗材料 15
1-1. 原料 15
1-2. 實驗細胞株 15
1-3. 實驗藥品 15
1-4. 細胞培養基 17
1-5. 實驗耗材 17
1-6. 儀器設備 17
二、實驗方法 19
2-1. 石蓴多醣化學特性分析 19
2-1-1. 總糖含量分析 19
2-1-2. 糖醛酸含量分析 20
2-1-3. 硫酸基團含量測定 20
2-1-4. 總酚含量測定 21
2-1-5. 可溶性蛋白質含量測定 21
2-1-6. 胜肽含量測定 21
2-1-7. 分子量分布 - 高效液相層析法 (HPLC) 22
2-1-8. 單糖組成分析 - 高效液相層析法 (HPLC) 22
2-1-9. 官能基團分析 - 傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜法 (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FT-IR) 23
2-2. 精油組成分分析 23
2-2-1. 氣相層析質譜法 (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, GC-MS) 23
2-2-2. 精油官能基團分析 - 傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜法 (FT-IR) 23
2-3. 石蓴多醣 – 植物精油奈米乳化液之製備 24
2-3-1. 石蓴多醣 – 植物精油奈米乳化液之物性分析 24
2-3-2. 奈米乳化液之安定性試驗 24
2-3-2-1. 儲藏安定性試驗 24
2-3-2-2. 氧化安定性試驗 24
2-3-2-2-1. 次級氧化產物 – 硫巴比妥酸反應物 (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) 24
2-3-3-1. 官能基團分析 - 傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜法 (FT-IR) 25
2-4. 石蓴多醣–植物精油奈米乳化液之生理活性分析 25
2-4-1. 生物相容性 25
2-4-1-1. 小鼠纖維母細胞 (L-929) 之培養方式 25
2-4-1-2. 小鼠纖維母細胞 (L-929) 之繼代方式 25
2-4-1-3. 小鼠纖維母細胞 (L-929) 之冷凍保存方式 26
2-4-1-4. 小鼠纖維母細胞 (L-929) 細胞活性試驗 26
2-4-2. 抗氧化活性分析 26
2-4-2-1. DPPH 自由基清除能力分析 26
2-4-2-2.亞鐵離子螯合能力 27
2-4-2-3. 還原力 27
2-4-2-4. 總抗氧化能力 28
2-4-2-5. 以 HaCaT 細胞評估細胞內 ROS 之生成 28
2-4-2-5-1. 人類角質形成細胞 (HaCaT) 之培養方式 28
2-4-2-5-2. 人類角質形成細胞 (HaCaT) 之繼代方式 28
2-4-2-5-3. 人類角質形成細胞 (HaCaT) 之冷凍保存方式 29
2-4-2-5-4. 人類角質形成細胞 (HaCaT) 之細胞活性測試 29
2-4-2-5-5. 以 H2DCFDA 螢光探針染色觀察 HaCaT 細胞內 ROS 之生成 29
2-4-3. 美白活性分析 30
2-4-3-1. 酪胺酸酶活性抑制率分析 30
2-4-3-2. 以 B16-F10 細胞評估美白活性 30
2-4-3-2-1. 小鼠黑色素瘤細胞 (B16-F10) 之培養方式 30
2-4-3-2-2. 小鼠黑色素瘤細胞 (B16-F10) 之繼代方式 30
2-4-3-2-3. 小鼠黑色素瘤細胞 (B16-F10) 之冷凍保存方式 31
2-4-3-2-4. 小鼠黑色素瘤細胞 (B16-F10) 之細胞活性測試 31
2-4-3-2-6. 小鼠黑色素瘤細胞 (B16-F10) 之細胞內黑色素含量測定 32
2-4-3-2-7. 抑制小鼠黑色素瘤細胞 (B16-F10) 之細胞內酪胺酸酶活性測定 32
2-4-5. 抗光老化活性分析 32
2-4-5-1. 人類角質形成細胞 (HaCaT) 之培養方式 32
2-4-5-2. 人類角質形成細胞 (HaCaT) 之繼代方式 33
2-4-5-3. 人類角質形成細胞 (HaCaT) 之冷凍保存方式 33
2-4-5-4. UVA 照射劑量選擇 33
2-4-5-5. 對 UVA 之光保護活性 33
2-4-5-6. 碘化丙啶 (Propidium Iodide, PI) 染色 34
2-4-5-7. UVA 誘導之 HaCaT 細胞內 ROS 生成量分析 34
2-4-6. 基質金屬蛋白酶活性抑制率分析 34
2-4-6-1. 膠原蛋白酶活性抑制率分析 34
2-4-6-2. 彈性蛋白酶活性抑制率分析 35
三、統計分析 35
伍、結果 36
1. 原料之組成分分析 36
1-1. 石蓴多醣之組成分分析 36
1-1-1. 石蓴多醣之分子量分布 36
1-1-2. 石蓴多醣之單糖組成 36
1-1-3. 石蓴多醣之化學組成 36
1-1-4. 石蓴多醣之官能基團組成 36
1-2. 植物精油 37
1-2-1. 植物精油之組成分分析 37
1-2-2. 植物精油之官能基團組成 37
2. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液之製備 37
2-1. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液之外觀 37
2-2. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液之物理特性 38
2-3. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液之官能基團分析 38
2-4. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液之安定性 38
3. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液之皮膚保護活性分析 38
3-1. 生物相容性分析 38
3-2. 抗氧化能力分析 39
3-2-1. DPPH 自由基清除能力試驗 39
3-2-2. 亞鐵離子螯合能力試驗 39
3-2-3. 還原力試驗 39
3-2-4. 總抗氧化能力試驗 39
3-2-5. HaCaT 細胞內 ROS 清除能力 40
3-3. 抑制黑色素生成能力分析 40
3-3-1. 細胞外酪胺酸酶抑制能力分析 40
3-3-2. B16-F10 細胞存活率分析 41
3-3-3. B16-F10 細胞黑色素生成量分析 41
3-3-4. B16-F10 細胞內酪胺酸酶活性抑制率分析 41
3-4. 抗光老化能力分析 41
3-4-1. UVA 輻射劑量選擇 41
3-4-2. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液對 UVA 刺激之光保護活性 42
3-4-3. 石蓴多醣-植物精油奈米乳化液對 UVA 誘導氧化傷害之影響 42
3-5. 基質金屬蛋白酶活性抑制能力分析 43
3-5-1. 膠原蛋白酶活性抑制能力 43
3-5-2. 彈性蛋白酶活性抑制能力 43
陸、討論 44
柒、結論 50
捌、參考文獻 51
玖、實驗圖表 66
拾、附錄 102

林易霆。2023。探討肉桂精油奈米乳化液治療小鼠陰道白色念珠菌感染之功效。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
洪悅豪。2018。石蓴硫酸多醣與石蓴硫酸寡醣之製備與生理活性探討及利用石蓴藻渣發酵生產乳酸之評估。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆，臺灣。
徐芷琳。2021。酵素輔助青海菜生產低分子硫酸鼠李聚醣與其生理活性及以藻渣產製葉黃素與乳酸生產條件之探討。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
陳巧芸。2019。以酵素輔助自菊花心龍鬚菜產出藻膽蛋白及利用藻渣產製洋菜混合寡醣之生理活性探討。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
陳瑾宣。2021。酵素輔助萃取石蓴之最佳條件及其生理活性研究。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
黃淑芳。2000。臺灣東北角海藻圖錄。國立臺灣博物館。臺北，臺灣。
劉昕。2021。高壓輔助酵素萃取長莖葡萄蕨藻多醣之產品最適化及評估其在人類腸道 Caco-2 細胞之運輸作用。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
劉莉敏。2018。石蓴多醣複合薄膜之製備與生物活性之研究。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
歐璟誼。2022。探討石蓴多醣、寡糖與藻渣減緩過敏與調節腸道菌叢之作用。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
蔡宛真。2017。長葉紫菜混合寡醣製備及其生理活性之探討。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。基隆。臺灣。
衛生福利部食品藥物管理署。2018。化粧品衛生安全管理法。全國法規資料庫。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=l0030013 (Jul. 30, 2024)
衛生福利部食品藥物管理署。2024。化粧品成分使用限制表。行政院公報資訊網。https://gazette.nat.gov.tw/egFront/detail.do?metaid=149840&log=detailLog (Jul. 30, 2024)
Abd-Ellatef, G. E. F., Ahmed, O. M., Abdel-Reheim, E. S., & Abdel-Hamid, A. H. Z. (2017). Ulva lactuca polysaccharides prevent Wistar rat breast carcinogenesis through the augmentation of apoptosis, enhancement of antioxidant defense system, and suppression of inflammation. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy, 67-83.
Abeysekera, W. P. K. M., Arachchige, S. P. G., Abeysekera, W. K. S. M., Ratnasooriya, W. D., & Medawatta, H. M. U. I. (2019). Antioxidant and glycemic regulatory properties potential of different maturity stages of leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) in vitro. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019.
Abeysekera, W. P. K. M., Premakumara, G. A. S., Ratnasooriya, W. D., & Abeysekera, W. K. S. M. (2022). Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and antilipidemic properties: novel bioactivities of true cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) leaf. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22, 1-15.
Adrien, A., Bonnet, A., Dufour, D., Baudouin, S., Maugard, T., & Bridiau, N. (2017). Pilot production of ulvans from Ulva sp. and their effects on hyaluronan and collagen production in cultured dermal fibroblasts. Carbohydrate Polymers, 157, 1306–1314.
Agar, N. S., Halliday, G. M., Barnetson, R. S., Ananthaswamy, H. N., Wheeler, M., & Jones, A. M. (2004). The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: a role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 4954-4959.
Ahmad, K., Khan, S., Afridi, M., Hassan, A., Shah, M. M., Rasheed, H., Ahmad, R., & Ifqir, H. (2022). Marine macroalgae polysaccharides-based nanomaterials: an overview with respect to nanoscience applications. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11, 156.
Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Falah, F., Lavi Arab, F., Vasiee, M., & Tabatabaee Yazdi, F. (2020). Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 5190603.
Asgari, H. T., Es-haghi, A., & Karimi, E. (2021). Anti-angiogenic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of nanoemulsions synthesized by Cuminum cyminum L. tinctures. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 15, 3649-3659.
Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Z., Gurib-Fakim, A., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2016). Kinetic studies of tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 19 essential oils extracted from endemic and exotic medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany, 103, 89-94.
Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini, A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P., & Chang, C. M. (2022). Determination of antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules, 27, 1326.
Barakat, K. M., Ismail, M. M., Abou El Hassayeb, H. E., El Sersy, N. A., & Elshobary, M. E. (2022). Chemical characterization and biological activities of ulvan extracted from Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta). Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 33, 829-841.
Ben Amor, C., Jmel, M. A., Chevallier, P., Mantovani, D., & Smaali, I. (2023). Efficient extraction of a high molecular weight ulvan from stranded Ulva sp. biomass: Application on the active biomembrane synthesis. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-11.
Bettaieb, I., Bourgou, S., Sriti, J., Msaada, K., Limam, F., & Marzouk, B. (2011). Essential oils and fatty acids composition of Tunisian and Indian cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds: a comparative study. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91, 2100-2107.
Bhalodia, N. R., Nariya, P. B., Acharya, R. N., & Shukla, V. J. (2013). In vitro antioxidant activity of hydro alcoholic extract from the fruit pulp of Cassia fistula Linn. AYU, 34, 209-214.
Błaszczyk, N., Rosiak, A., & Kałużna-Czaplińska, J. (2021). The potential role of cinnamon in human health. Forests, 12, 648.
Campolo, O., Giunti, G., Laigle, M., Michel, T., & Palmeri, V. (2020). Essential oil-based nano-emulsions: effect of different surfactants, sonication and plant species on physicochemical characteristics. Industrial Crops and Products, 157, 112935.
Chang, S., Chen, Y., Qiu, H., Zhu, B., You, L., & Cheung, P. C. K. (2024). The isolation, structure characterizations and anti-photoaging activities of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sargassum fusiforme. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 11, 64.
Chang, T. S. (2012). Natural melanogenesis inhibitors acting through the down-regulation of tyrosinase activity. Materials, 5, 1661-1685.
Che Marzuki, N. H., Wahab, R. A., & Abdul Hamid, M. (2019). An overview of nanoemulsion: concepts of development and cosmeceutical applications. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 33, 779-797.
Chen, G. W., Tsai, J. S., Pan, B. S. (2007). Purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and antihypertensive effect of milk produced by protease-facilitated lactic fermentation. International Dairy Journal 17: 641-647.
Chen, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, Z., & Qiu, J. (2021). Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 43, 495-509.
Chen, Q., Kou, L., Wang, F., & Wang, Y. (2019). Size-dependent whitening activity of enzyme-degraded fucoidan from Laminaria japonica. Carbohydrate Polymers, 225, 115211.
Christiany, C., Sudrajat, S. E., & Rahayu, I. (2021). The potency of Cinnamomum zeylanicum to prevent diseases: a review. Eureka Herba Indonesia, 2, 49-58.
da Silva, B. D., Bernardes, P. C., Pinheiro, P. F., Fantuzzi, E., & Roberto, C. D. (2021). Chemical composition, extraction sources and action mechanisms of essential oils: Natural preservative and limitations of use in meat products. Meat Science, 176, 108463.
Dadhwal, P., Dhingra, H. K., Dwivedi, V., Alarifi, S., Kalasariya, H., Yadav, V. K., & Patel, A. (2023). Hippophae rhamnoides L.(sea buckthorn) mediated green synthesis of copper nanoparticles and their application in anticancer activity. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 10, 1246728.
Dall’Olmo, L., Papa, N., Surdo, N. C., Marigo, I., & Mocellin, S. (2023). Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH): biology, clinical relevance and implication in melanoma. Journal of Translational Medicine, 21, 562.
Danaei, M. R. M. M., Dehghankhold, M., Ataei, S., Hasanzadeh Davarani, F., Javanmard, R., Dokhani, A., Khorasani, S., & Mozafari, M. R. (2018). Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics, 10, 57.
de Carvalho, V. M. S., Covre, J. L., Correia-Silva, R. D., Lice, I., Corrêa, M. P., Leopoldino, A. M., & Gil, C. D. (2021). Bellis perennis extract mitigates UVA-induced keratinocyte damage: Photoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 221, 112247.
de Sá, A. Á. M., Santos, E. W. P. dos, dos S. Santana, M. H., Santos, A. de J., de Araujo, G. R. S., Santana, D. G., Arguelho, de M. de L. P. M., E Silva, A. M. de O., Correa, C. B., Nunes, R. de S., Sarmento, V. H. V., & Lira, A. A. M. (2020). Evaluation of the incorporation of essential oils in microemulsions as a promising formulation in the inhibition of tyrosinase. Industrial Crops and Products, 154, 112654.
Del Bino, S., Duval, C., & Bernerd, F. (2018). Clinical and biological characterization of skin pigmentation diversity and its consequences on UV impact. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19, 2668.
Dinparvar, S., Bagirova, M., Allahverdiyev, A. M., Abamor, E. S., Safarov, T., Aydogdu, M., & Aktas, D. (2020). A nanotechnology-based new approach in the treatment of breast cancer: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Cuminum cyminum L. seed extract. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 208, 111902.
Dominguez, H., & Loret, E. P. (2019). Ulva lactuca, a source of troubles and potential riches. Marine Drugs, 17, 357.
Dorri, M., Hashemitabar, S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2018). Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 41, 338-351.
Dubois, M., Gillles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28: 350-356.
Dupont, E., Gomez, J., & Bilodeau, D. (2013). Beyond UV radiation: a skin under challenge. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 35, 224-232.
Egambaram, O. P., Kesavan Pillai, S., & Ray, S. S. (2020). Materials science challenges in skin UV protection: a review. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 96, 779-797.
El-Ghorab, A. H., Nauman, M., Anjum, F. M., Hussain, S., & Nadeem, M. (2010). A comparative study on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 8231-8237.
Esmaeili, F., Zahmatkeshan, M., Yousefpoor, Y., Alipanah, H., Safari, E., & Osanloo, M. (2022). Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Cinnamon and Clove essential oils nanogels: An in vivo study. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22, 143.
Falcao, B., Vishwakarma, J., Jadav, H., & Vavilala, S. L. (2020). In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-skin aging properties of green algal sulfated polysaccharides. Archives of Microbiology & Immunology, 4, 75-90.
Flórez-Fernández, N., Rodríguez-Coello, A., Latire, T., Bourgougnon, N., Torres, M. D., Buján, M., Muíños, A., Muiños, A., Meijide-Faílde, R., Blanco, F. J., Vaamonde-García, C., & Domínguez, H. (2023). Anti-inflammatory potential of ulvan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 126936.
Fournière, M., Bedoux, G., Lebonvallet, N., Leschiera, R., Le Goff-Pain, C., Bourgougnon, N., & Latire, T. (2021). Poly-and oligosaccharide Ulva sp. fractions from enzyme-assisted extraction modulate the metabolism of extracellular matrix in human skin fibroblasts: potential in anti-aging dermo-cosmetic applications. Marine Drugs, 19, 156.
Georgiev, L., Chochkova, M., Totseva, I., Seizova, K., Marinova, E., Ivanova, G., Ninova, M., Najdenski, H., & Milkova, T. (2013). Anti-tyrosinase, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hydroxycinnamoylamides. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 22, 4173-4182.
Ghersetich, I., Lotti, T., Campanile, G., Grappone, C., & Dini, G. (1994). Hyaluronic acid in cutaneous intrinsic aging. International Journal of Dermatology, 33, 119–122.
Ghosh, V., Saranya, S., Mukherjee, A., & Chandrasekaran, N. (2013). Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion formulation by ultrasonic emulsification: investigation of its bactericidal activity. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 13, 114-122.
Girish, K. S., & Kemparaju, K. (2007). The magic glue hyaluronan and its eraser hyaluronidase: a biological overview. Life sciences, 80, 1921-1943.
Goldring, J. D. (2019). Measuring protein concentration with absorbance, Lowry, Bradford Coomassie blue, or the Smith bicinchoninic acid assay before electrophoresis. Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins: Methods and Protocols, 31-39. In: Kurien, B., Scofield, R. (eds) Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1855. Humana Press, New York, NY.
Gonzaga, E. R. (2009). Role of UV light in photodamage, skin aging, and skin cancer. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 10, 19–24.
Gromkowska‐Kępka, K. J., Puścion‐Jakubik, A., Markiewicz‐Żukowska, R., & Socha, K. (2021). The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging—review of in vitro studies. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20, 3427-3431.
Gromkowska‐Kępka, K. J., Puścion‐Jakubik, A., Markiewicz‐Żukowska, R., & Socha, K. (2021). The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging—review of in vitro studies. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20, 3427-3431.
Gruenwald, J., Freder, J., & Armbruester, N. (2010). Cinnamon and health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 50, 822-834.
Gu, Y., Han, J., Jiang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Biomarkers, oxidative stress and autophagy in skin aging. Ageing research reviews, 59, 101036.
Guo, Y., Shang, H., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., & Chen, S. (2020). Enzyme-assisted extraction of a cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) polysaccharide and its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Process biochemistry, 92, 17-28.
Guzmán, E., & Lucia, A. (2021). Essential oils and their individual components in cosmetic products. Cosmetics, 8, 114.
Han, E. J., Kim, S.-Y., Han, H.-J., Kim, H.-S., Kim, K.-N., Fernando, I. P. S., 35 Madusanka, D. M. D., Dias, M. K. H. M., Cheong, S. H., Park, S. R., Han, Y. S., 36 Lee, K., & Ahn, G. (2021). UVB protective effects of Sargassum horneri through the regulation of Nrf2 mediated antioxidant mechanism. Scientific Reports, 11, 9963.
He, X., Gao, X., Guo, Y., & Xie, W. (2024). Research Progress on Bioactive Factors against Skin Aging. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25, 3797.
He, X., Wan, F., Su, W., & Xie, W. (2023). Research progress on skin aging and active ingredients. Molecules, 28, 5556.
Holick, M. F. (2016). Biological effects of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation and vitamin D for health. Anticancer Research, 36, 1345-1356.
Hong, L., Zhou, C. L., Chen, F. P., Han, D., Wang, C. Y., Li, J. X., Chi, Z., & Liu, C. G. (2017). Development of a carboxymethyl chitosan functionalized nanoemulsion formulation for increasing aqueous solubility, stability and skin permeability of astaxanthin using low-energy method. Journal of Microencapsulation, 34, 707-721.
Hung, Y. H. R., Chen, G. W., Pan, C. L., & Lin, H. T. V. (2021). Production of ulvan oligosaccharides with antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory activities by microbial enzymatic hydrolysis. Fermentation, 7, 160.
Hushcha, Y., Blo, I., Oton-Gonzalez, L., Mauro, G. D., Martini, F., Tognon, M., & Mattei, M. D. (2021). MicroRNAs in the regulation of melanogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 6104.
Irshad, M., Zafaryab, M., Singh, M., & Rizvi, M. (2012). Comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity of Cassia fistula extracts. International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2012, 157125.
ISO. (2009). ISO 10993-10995:2009 Biologial Evaluation of Medical Devices - Part 5: Tests for in Vitro Cytotoxicity.
ISO. (2011). ISO 24442:2011 - Sun protection test methods - In vivo determination of sunscreen UVA protection.
Jesumani, V., Du, H., Aslam, M., Pei, P., & Huang, N. (2019a). Potential use of seaweed bioactive compounds in skincare—a review. Marine Drugs, 17, 688.
Jesumani, V., Du, H., Pei, P., Zheng, C., Cheong, K. L., & Huang, N. (2019b). Unravelling property of polysaccharides from Sargassum sp. as an anti-wrinkle and skin whitening property. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 140, 216-224.
Jiang, B. W., Zhang, W. J., Wang, Y., Tan, L. P., Bao, Y. L., Song, Z. B., Yu, C. L., Wang, S. Y., Liu, L., & Li, Y. X. (2020). Convallatoxin induces HaCaT cell necroptosis and ameliorates skin lesions in psoriasis-like mouse models. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 121, 109615.
Kang, N., Yuan, R., Huang, L., Liu, Z., Huang, D., Huang, L., Gao, H., Liu, Y., Xu, Q. M., & Yang, S. (2019). Atypical nitrogen-containing flavonoid in the fruits of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67, 8339-8347.
Kazłowski, B., Chiu, Y. H., Kazłowska, K., Pan, C. L., and Wu, C. J. (2012). Prevention of Japanese encephalitis virus infections by low-degree-polymerisation sulfated saccharides from Gracilaria sp. and Monostroma nitidum. Food Chemistry 133: 866-874.
Keerthiga, N., Anitha, R., Rajeshkumar, S., & Lakshmi, T. (2019). Antioxidant activity of cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Pharmacognosy Journal, 11, 787-789.
Kidgell, J. T., Glasson, C. R., Magnusson, M., Vamvounis, G., Sims, I. M., Carnachan, S. M., Hinkley, S. F. R., Lopata, A. L., de Nys, R., & Taki, A. C. (2020). The molecular weight of ulvan affects the in vitro inflammatory response of a murine macrophage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150, 839-848.
Kidgell, J. T., Magnusson, M., de Nys, R., & Glasson, C. R. (2019). Ulvan: A systematic review of extraction, composition and function. Algal Research, 39, 101422.
Kim, E. U., Choi, Y. H., & Nam, T. J. (2018a) Identification and antioxidant activity of synthetic peptides from phycobiliproteins of Pyropia yezoensis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42, 789-798.
Kim, Y. H., Chung, C. B., Kim, J. G., Ko, K. I., Park, S. H., Kim, J. H., Eom, S. Y., Kim, Y. S., Huang, Y. I., & Kim, K. H. (2008). Anti-wrinkle activity of ziyuglycoside I isolated from a Sanguisorba officinalis root extract and its application as a cosmeceutical ingredient. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 72, 303-311.
Kim, Y. I., Oh, W. S., Song, P. H., Yun, S., Kwon, Y. S., Lee, Y. J., Ku, S.-K., Song, C.-H., & Oh, T. H. (2018b). Anti-photoaging effects of low molecular-weight fucoidan on ultraviolet B-irradiated mice. Marine Drugs, 16, 286.
Köksal, E., Gülçin, I., Beyza, S., Sarikaya, O., & Bursal, E. (2009). In vitro antioxidant activity of silymarin. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 24, 395-405.
Kong, S.-Z., Chen, H.-M., Yu, X.-T., Zhang, X., Feng, X.-X., Kang, X.-H., Li, W.-J., Huang, N., Luo, H., Su, Z.-R. (2015). The protective effect of β-glycyrrhetinic acid against UV irradiation induced photoaging in mice. Experimental Gerontology, 61, 147–155.
Kumar, M., Bishnoi, R. S., Shukla, A. K., & Jain, C. P. (2019). Techniques for formulation of nanoemulsion drug delivery system: a review. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 24, 225.
Lahaye, M., & Robic, A. (2007). Structure and functional properties of ulvan, a polysaccharide from green seaweeds. Biomacromolecules, 8, 1765-1774.
Lala, R. R., & Awari, N. G. (2014). Nanoemulsion-based gel formulations of COX-2 inhibitors for enhanced efficacy in inflammatory conditions. Applied Nanoscience, 4, 143-151.
Le, B., Golokhvast, K. S., Yang, S. H., & Sun, S. (2019). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Antioxidants, 8, 129.
Lee, S. C., Wang, S. Y., Li, C. C., & Liu, C. T. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effect of cinnamaldehyde and linalool from the leaf essential oil of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira in endotoxin-induced mice. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 26, 211-220.
Lee, S. J., Choi, Y. H., and Choi, B. T. (2006). Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from Nardostachys chinensis on α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Integrative Biosciences, 10, 233-236.
Lee, S. Y., Baek, N., & Nam, T. G. (2016). Natural, semisynthetic and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 31, 1-13.
Leung, K. S., Chan, H. F., Leung, H. H., Galano, J. M., Oger, C., Durand, T., & Lee, J. C. Y. (2017). Short-time UVA exposure to human keratinocytes instigated polyunsaturated fatty acid without inducing lipid peroxidation. Free Radical Research, 51, 269-280.
Li, W., Mu, X., Wu, X., He, W., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Deng, J., & Nie, X. (2022). Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Polysaccharides protect fibroblasts against UVA-induced photoaging via JNK/c-Jun/MMPs pathway. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 298, 115590.
Li, Y. Q., Kong, D. X., & Wu, H. (2013). Analysis and evaluation of essential oil components of cinnamon barks using GC–MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Industrial Crops and Products, 41, 269-278.
Liang, J., Lian, L., Wang, X., & Li, L. (2021). Thymoquinone, extract from Nigella sativa seeds, protects human skin keratinocytes against UVA-irradiated oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Molecular Immunology, 135, 21-27.
Lin, Y. T., Tsai, W. C., Lu, H. Y., Fang, S. Y., Chan, H. W., & Huang, C. H. (2024). Enhancing therapeutic efficacy of cinnamon essential oil by nanoemulsification for intravaginal treatment of Candida vaginitis. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 4941-4956.
Liu, X., Renard, C. M., Bureau, S., & Le Bourvellec, C. (2021). Revisiting the contribution of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to characterize plant cell wall polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers, 262, 117935.
López-Hortas, L., Flórez-Fernández, N., Torres, M. D., Ferreira-Anta, T., Casas, M. P., Balboa, E. M., Falqué, E., & Domínguez, H. (2021). Applying seaweed compounds in cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics. Marine drugs, 19, 552.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological and Chemical Research, 193: 265-275.
Malta, L. G., & Liu, R. H. (2014). Analyses of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total antioxidant activities in foods and dietary supplements. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 305–314.
Massocato, T. F., Robles-Carnero, V., Moreira, B. R., Castro-Varela, P., Pinheiro-Silva, L., Oliveira, W. D. S., Vega, J., Avilés, A., Bonomi-Barufi, J., Rörig, L. R., & Figueroa, F. L. (2022). Growth, biofiltration and photosynthetic performance of Ulva spp. cultivated in fishpond effluents: an outdoor study. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 981468.
McCullough, J. L., & Kelly, K. M. (2006). Prevention and treatment of skin aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1067, 323-331.
McGrath, J. A., & Uitto, J. (2016). Structure and Function of the Skin. Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, Ninth Edition, 1–52. Portico.
Menon, G. K. (2014). Skin Basics; Structure and Function. Lipids and Skin Health, 9–23. In: Pappas, A. (eds) Lipids and Skin Health. Springer, Cham, NewYork, USA.
Mihranyan, A., Ferraz, N., & Strømme, M. (2012). Current status and future prospects of nanotechnology in cosmetics. Progress in Materials Science, 57, 875-910.
Mnif, S., & Aifa, S. (2015). Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from traditional uses to potential biomedical applications. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 12, 733-742.
Morais, T., Cotas, J., Pacheco, D., & Pereira, L. (2021). Seaweeds compounds: An ecosustainable source of cosmetic ingredients?. Cosmetics, 8, 8.
Morteza-Semnani, K., Saeedi, M., Akbari, J., Eghbali, M., Babaei, A., Hashemi, S. M. H., & Nokhodchi, A. (2022). Development of a novel nanoemulgel formulation containing cumin essential oil as skin permeation enhancer. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 12, 1-11.
Nair, R. S., Morris, A., Billa, N., & Leong, C. O. (2019). An evaluation of curcumin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for transdermal delivery. Aaps Pharmscitech, 20, 69.
Ning, L., Yao, Z., & Zhu, B. (2022). Ulva (Enteromorpha) polysaccharides and oligosaccharides: a potential functional food source from green-tide-forming macroalgae. Marine Drugs, 20, 202.
Nordlund, J. J. (2007). The melanocyte and the epidermal melanin unit: an expanded concept. Dermatologic Clinics, 25, 271-281.
Osanloo, M., Ranjbar, R., & Zarenezhad, E. (2024). Alginate nanoparticles containing Cuminum cyminum and Zataria multiflora essential oils with promising anticancer and antibacterial effects. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2024, 5556838.
Pangestuti, R., Siahaan, E. A., & Kim, S. K. (2018). Photoprotective substances derived from marine algae. Marine Drugs, 16, 399.
Pappou, S., Dardavila, M. M., Savvidou, M. G., Louli, V., Magoulas, K., & Voutsas, E. (2022). Extraction of bioactive compounds from Ulva lactuca. Applied Sciences, 12, 2117.
Pardeike, J., Hommoss, A., & Müller, R. H. (2009). Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 366, 170-184.
Park, K. Y., & Kim, J. (2020). Synthesis and biological evaluation of the anti-melanogenesis effect of coumaric and caffeic acid-conjugated peptides in human melanocytes. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 537464.
Parvez, S., Kang, M., Chung, H. S., & Bae, H. (2007). Naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitors: mechanism and applications in skin health, cosmetics and agriculture industries. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21, 805-816.
Pavoni, L., Benelli, G., Maggi, F., & Bonacucina, G. (2019). Green nanoemulsion interventions for biopesticide formulations. In Nano-biopesticides today and future perspectives (pp. 133-160). Academic Press.
Pientaweeratch, S., Panapisal, V., & Tansirikongkol, A. (2016). Antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities of Phyllanthus emblica, Manilkara zapota and silymarin: An in vitro comparative study for anti-aging applications. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54, 1865-1872.
Piras, F., Sogos, V., Pollastro, F., Appendino, G., & Rosa, A. (2023). Arzanol, a natural phloroglucinol α‐pyrone, protects HaCaT keratinocytes against H2O2‐induced oxidative stress, counteracting cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial depolarization. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 44, 720-732.
Pistollato, F., Madia, F., Corvi, R., Munn, S., Grignard, E., Paini, A., Worth, A., Bal-Price, A., Prieto, P., Casati, S., Berggren, E., Bopp, S. K., & Zuang, V. (2021). Current EU regulatory requirements for the assessment of chemicals and cosmetic products: challenges and opportunities for introducing new approach methodologies. Archives of toxicology, 95, 1867-1897.
Pittayapruek, P., Meephansan, J., Prapapan, O., Komine, M., & Ohtsuki, M. (2016). Role of matrix metalloproteinases in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 868.
Prasedya, E. S., Padmi, H., Ilhami, B. T. K., Martyasari, N. W. R., Sunarwidhi, A. L., Widyastuti, S., Khairinisa, M. A., Cokrowati, N., Simangunsong, E. E., & Frediansyah, A. (2022). Brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium extract inhibits melanin production and cellular oxygen stress in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Molecules, 27, 8585.
Qi, H., Zhao, T., Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Zhao, Z., & Xing, R. (2005). Antioxidant activity of different molecular weight sulfated polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa Kjellm (Chlorophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 17, 527-534.
Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., & Su, H. (2020). Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 173-185.
Ranjbar, R., Zarenezhad, E., Abdollahi, A., Nasrizadeh, M., Firooziyan, S., Namdar, N., & Osanloo, M. (2023). Nanoemulsion and nanogel containing Cuminum cyminum L essential oil: antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antilarval properties. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2023, 5075581.
Ravetti, S., Clemente, C., Brignone, S., Hergert, L., Allemandi, D., & Palma, S. (2019). Ascorbic acid in skin health. Cosmetics, 6, 58.
Rebey, I. B., Zakhama, N., Karoui, I. J., & Marzouk, B. (2012). Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seed extract under drought. Journal of Food Science, 77, C734-C739.
Shahid, M. Z., Saima, H., Yasmin, A., Nadeem, M. T., Imran, M., & Afzaal, M. (2018). Antioxidant capacity of cinnamon extract for palm oil stability. Lipids in Health and Disease, 17, 1-8.
Sharma, N., Mishra, S., Sharma, S., Deshpande, R. D., & Sharma, R. K. (2013). Preparation and optimization of nanoemulsions for targeting drug delivery. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 5, 0975-9344.
Sharma, T., Mishra, B. B., & Variyar, P. S. (2023). Detection of gamma radiation processed onion during storage using propidium iodide based fluorescence microscopy. Food Chemistry, 398, 133928.
Siddiqui, N., Pal, K., Karmakar, P., Islam, M. M., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2020). A dual role of cumin-seed extract towards the silver nanoparticle synthesis and stabilisation and its potential for antibacterial and anticancer activities through oxidative damage. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 11, 025019.
Siddiqui, N., Pal, K., Karmakar, P., Islam, M. M., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2020). A dual role of cumin-seed extract towards the silver nanoparticle synthesis and stabilisation and its potential for antibacterial and anticancer activities through oxidative damage. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 11, 025019.
Siew, Z. Z., Chan, E. W. C., & Wong, C. W. (2022). Hydrophobic bioactive constituents of cinnamon bark as inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase from Musa acuminata ‘Mas’ peel. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 45, 102504.
Silva, F. F., Ricci-Júnior, E., & Mansur, C. R. (2013). Nanoemulsions containing octyl methoxycinnamate and solid particles of TiO2: preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of the solar protection factor. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 39, 1378-1388.
Silva, H. D., Cerqueira, M. A., Donsì, F., Pinheiro, A. C., Ferrari, G., & Vicente, A. A. (2020). Development and characterization of lipid-based nanosystems: Effect of interfacial composition on nanoemulsion behavior. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 13, 67-87.
Singh, N., Yadav, S. S., Kumar, S., & Narashiman, B. (2021). A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical research of dietary spice Cuminum cyminum L. Phytotherapy Research, 35, 5007-5030.
Singh, Y., Meher, J. G., Raval, K., Khan, F. A., Chaurasia, M., Jain, N. K., & Chourasia, M. K. (2017). Nanoemulsion: concepts, development and applications in drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 252, 28-49.
Slominski, R. M., Sarna, T., Płonka, P. M., Raman, C., Brożyna, A. A., & Slominski, A. T. (2022). Melanoma, melanin, and melanogenesis: the Yin and Yang relationship. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, 842496.
Sorrell, J. M., & Caplan, A. I. (2004). Fibroblast heterogeneity: more than skin deep. Journal of Cell Science, 117, 667–675.
Souto, E. B., & Müller, R. H. (2008). Cosmetic features and applications of lipid nanoparticles (SLN®, NLC®). International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 30, 157-165.
Strzępek-Gomółka, M., Gaweł-Bęben, K., Angelis, A., Antosiewicz, B., Sakipova, Z., Kozhanova, K., Głowniak, K., & Kukula-Koch, W. (2021). Identification of mushroom and murine tyrosinase inhibitors from Achillea biebersteinii Afan. extract. Molecules, 26, 964.
Sudha, P. N., Gomathi, T., & Kim, S. K. (2020). Ulvan in Tissue Engineering. In S.-K. Kim (eds.) Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology ch 56, 1st edition, 1335-1350, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Sulastri, E., Lesmana, R., Zubair, M. S., Mohammed, A. F. A., Elamin, K. M., & Wathoni, N. (2023). Ulvan/Silver nanoparticle hydrogel films for burn wound dressing. Heliyon, 9.
Sulastri, E., Zubair, M. S., Lesmana, R., Mohammed, A. F. A., & Wathoni, N. (2021). Development and characterization of ulvan polysaccharides-based hydrogel films for potential wound dressing applications. Drug design, development and therapy, 4213-4226.
Tabarsa, M., You, S., Dabaghian, E. H., & Surayot, U. (2018). Water-soluble polysaccharides from Ulva intestinalis: molecular properties, structural elucidation and immunomodulatory activities. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 26, 599-608.
Teodosio Melo, K. R., Gomes Camara, R. B., Queiroz, M. F., Jacome Vidal, A. A., Machado Lima, C. R., Melo-Silveira, R. F., Almeida-Lima, J., & Oliveira Rocha, H. A. (2013). Evaluation of sulfated polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Dictyopteris justii as antioxidant agents and as inhibitors of the formation of calcium oxalate crystals. Molecules, 18, 14543-14563.
Thanh, T. T. T., Quach, T. M. T., Nguyen, T. N., Luong, D. V., Bui, M. L., & Van Tran, T. T. (2016). Structure and cytotoxic activity of ulvan extracted from green seaweed Ulva lactuca. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93, 695-702.
Thiyagarasaiyar, K., Goh, B. H., Jeon, Y. J., & Yow, Y. Y. (2020). Algae metabolites in cosmeceutical: an overview of current applications and challenges. Marine drugs, 18, 323.
Torres, P. B., Nagai, A., Jara, C. E. P., Santos, J. P., Chow, F., & Santos, D. Y. A. C. D. (2021). Determination of sulfate in algal polysaccharide samples: a step-by-step protocol using microplate reader. Ocean and Coastal Research, 69, e21021.
Turek, C., & Stintzing, F. C. (2013). Stability of essential oils: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12, 40-53.
Wang, L., Oh, J. Y., Kim, Y. S., Lee, H. G., Lee, J. S., & Jeon, Y. J. (2020). Anti-photoaging and anti-melanogenesis effects of fucoidan isolated from Hizikia fusiforme and its underlying mechanisms. Marine Drugs, 18, 427.
Wang, W., Li, J., Lu, F., & Liu, F. (2024). Ultrasound-assisted multi-enzyme extraction for highly efficient extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva lactuca. Foods, 13, 891.
Wang, Y., Du, G. Y., Guo, T., Zou, H. M., & Jia, D. (2021). Skin-whitening mechanism of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) extract. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 34.
Wilson, R. J., Li, Y., Yang, G., & Zhao, C. X. (2022). Nanoemulsions for drug delivery. Particuology, 64, 85-97.
Xu, H., Zheng, Y. W., Liu, Q., Liu, L. P., Luo, F. L., Zhou, H. C., Isoda, H., Ohkohchi, N., & Li, Y. M. (2018). Reactive oxygen species in skin repair, regeneration, aging, and inflammation. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Living Cells, 8, 69-88.
Xu, N., Wu, X., Zhu, Y., Miao, J., Gao, Y., Cheng, C., Peng, S., Zou, L., McClements, D. J., & Liu, W. (2021). Enhancing the oxidative stability of algal oil emulsions by adding sweet orange oil: Effect of essential oil concentration. Food Chemistry, 355, 129508.
Yan, C., McClements, D. J., Zhu, Y., Zou, L., Zhou, W., & Liu, W. (2019). Fabrication of OSA starch/chitosan polysaccharide-based high internal phase emulsion via altering interfacial behaviors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67, 10937-10946.
Yi, P., Huang, Y., Zhao, X., Qin, Z., Zhu, D., Liu, L., Zheng, Y., Feng, J., & Long, M. (2023). A novel UVA‐associated circUBE2I mediates ferroptosis in HaCaT cells. Photochemistry and Photobiology.
Yuan, Y., Xu, X., Jing, C., Zou, P., Zhang, C., & Li, Y. (2018). Microwave assisted hydrothermal extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera: Functional properties and bioactivities. Carbohydrate Polymers, 181, 902-910.
Yue, F., Zhang, J., Xu, J., Niu, T., Lü, X., & Liu, M. (2022). Effects of monosaccharide composition on quantitative analysis of total sugar content by phenol-sulfuric acid method. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 963318.
Yukuyama, M. N., Ghisleni, D. D. M., Pinto, T. D. J. A., & Bou‐Chacra, N. A. (2016). Nanoemulsion: process selection and application in cosmetics–a review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38, 13-24.
Zaidi, Z., & Lanigan, S. W. (2010). Skin: structure and function. Dermatology in Clinical Practice, 1-15.
Zhai, W., Wei, E., Li, R., Ji, T., Jiang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Ding, Z., & Zhou, H. (2020). Characterization and evaluation of the pro-coagulant and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from Bletilla striata. ACS Omega, 6, 656-665.
Zhang, Z., & McClements, D. J. (2018). Overview of nanoemulsion properties: stability, rheology, and appearance. In Nanoemulsions (pp. 21-49). Academic Press.
Zhao, W., Yang, A., Wang, J., Huang, D., Deng, Y., Zhang, X., Qu, Q., Ma, W., Xiong, R., Zhu, M., & Huang, C. (2022). Potential application of natural bioactive compounds as skin‐whitening agents: a review. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 21, 6669-6687.
Zhong, R., Wan, X., Wang, D., Zhao, C., Liu, D., Gao, L., Wang, M., Wu, C., Navavid, S. M., Daglia, M., Capanoglu, E., Xiao, J., & Cao, H. (2020). Polysaccharides from marine Enteromorpha: structure and function. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 99, 11-20.