臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

塑膠類食品器具容器包裝(Food Contact Plastics, FCPs)可依用途大致分為食
品包裝、瓶裝容器、食品濾袋、及一次性容器等 4 類，為民眾攝入微奈米塑膠
(Micro- and Nanoplastics, M/NPs)之可能來源。本研究僅針對市售食品濾袋與一次
性容器(塑膠杯與塑膠淋膜紙杯)進行初步測試，模擬實際使用後，評估國人使用
FCPs 使人體暴露 M/NPs 之潛在健康風險。使用熱裂解氣相層析/質譜(Pyrolysis
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Py-GC/MS)分析 FCPs 之材質，並將 FCPs
模擬實際使用情況盛裝超純水，以 1.2 μm 濾紙分為微米(Micro)與奈米級(Nano)
顆粒，再以流式細胞儀(Flow Cytometry)分析奈米粒徑分佈與顆粒數，FCPs 中
M/NPs 經過濾後使用 Py-GC/MS 定量釋出濃度。後續以機率分析(Probabilistic
Analysis)方法評估暴露量與劑量-反應關係，應用超越風險(Exceedance Risk, ER)
評估於特定情境下，臺灣 19–65 歲成年族群使用 FCPs 暴露於 M/NPs 之潛在健康
風險。材質分析結果顯示，食品濾袋為 PE/PET 複合材質，一次性容器中塑膠杯
材質分別為 PP (品牌 A)與 PE/PP (品牌 B)複合材質，塑膠淋膜紙杯為 PE；奈米
粒徑分析結果顯示，FCPs 所釋出 NPs 平均粒徑範圍為 0.57–0.55 μm，食品濾袋、
塑膠杯品牌A、塑膠杯品牌B、及塑膠淋膜紙杯釋出之顆粒數分別為30.45、26.85、
19.95、及 25.5 particles/μL；食品濾袋 M/NPs 釋出濃度為 3.56 μg/bag，一次性容
器則為 1.45–4.53 μg/150 mL，其中以食品濾袋釋出濃度最高，而一次性容器中塑
膠淋膜紙杯之 PE 釋出濃度(4.25 μg/150 mL)大於塑膠杯 PP 釋出濃度(1.45 μg/150
mL)，結果顯示 PP 材質相較於 PE 材質更加穩定適合用於高溫之情境。健康風險
評估結果顯示臺灣 19–65 歲族群使用 FCPs 暴露於 MPs 使鹼性磷酸酶(Alkaline
Phosphatase, ALP)數值上升幅度不致影響健康程度，超越風險結果於 2%機率以
下時，臺灣 19–65 歲成年族群暴露於 MPs 會導致血清中 ALP 含量上升至 92.463
U/L。本研究受限於當前在食品中 M/NPs 檢驗方法仍處開發階段，且國際上毒理
資料尚不完整，尤其 NPs 之劑量反應關係文獻非常有限，故僅以採樣分析樣品中
挑選 4 件食品濾袋與一次性容器之有限實驗結果，作為 M/NPs 釋出對人體潛在
健康風險評估之初步探討，可能低估實際 M/NPs 之暴露量。建議未來可再進一
步確認多種 FCPs 釋出量，以減少或挑選適當之塑膠容器或包裝，降低人體暴露
於 M/NPs 之潛在風險。

Food contact plastics (FCPs) are categorized into 4 main types: food packaging, PET
bottle, food filter bags, and single-use containers, all of which are potential sources of
micro- and nanoplastics (M/NPs) ingestion. This study focuses on commercially
available food filter bags and single-use containers (plastic cups and plastic-coated
paper cups) to preliminarily assess the potential health risks associated with human
exposure to M/NPs from FCPs under simulated use conditions. The materials of FCPs
were analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS),
and ultrapure water was stored in the FCPs to simulate real usage. The water was
filtered using 1.2 μm filter paper to separate M/NPs, and flow cytometry was employed
to analyze the distribution and count of nanoparticles. The concentration of M/NPs
released from FCPs was quantified using Py-GC/MS after filtration. A probabilistic
analysis method was subsequently applied to assess exposure and dose-response
relationships, and exceedance risk (ER) was used to evaluate the potential health risks
to the Taiwanese adult population aged 19–65 under specific scenarios. Material
analysis revealed that food filter bags are made of PE/PET composite materials, plastic
cups of brand A are made of PP, brand B of PE/PP composite materials, and plasticcoated paper cups of PE. The analysis of nanoparticle size distribution showed that the
average particle size of NPs released from FCPs ranged from 0.57 to 0.55 μm, with
particle counts of 30.45, 26.85, 19.95, and 25.5 particles/μL for food filter bags, plastic
cups (brand A), plastic cups (brand B), and plastic-coated paper cups, respectively. The
M/NPs release concentrations were 3.56 μg/bag for food filter bags and 1.45–4.53
μg/150 mL for single-use containers, with food filter bags showing the highest release
concentration. Among single-use containers, the PE in plastic-coated paper cups
released more (4.25 μg/150 mL) than the PP in plastic cups (1.45 μg/150 mL),
indicating that PP is more stable and suitable for high-temperature scenarios compared
to PE. Health risk assessments suggest that exposure to MPs from FCPs does not
significantly affect alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the Taiwanese population aged
19–65. With an ER risk probability below 2%, exposure to MPs may increase serum
ALP levels to 92.463 U/L. This study is limited by the ongoing development of M/NPs
detection methods and the incomplete toxicological data, particularly for NPs doseresponse relationships. As a result, the preliminary assessment based on four selected
food filter bags and single-use containers may underestimate actual M/NPs exposure.
Future research should further confirm M/NPs release from various FCPs and identify
suitable plastic containers to reduce potential health risks.

摘要 VI
目次 VIII
圖次 X
表次 XI
索引表 XII
第一章　緒論 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2研究目的 2
第二章　文獻回顧 3
2.1微奈米塑膠定義 3
2.2微奈米塑膠來源 3
2.2.1食品中為微奈米塑膠 3
2.2.2塑膠類食品器具容器包裝中微奈米塑膠來源 3
2.3微奈米塑膠之潛在危害 5
2.4微奈米塑膠之檢測方法 6
第三章　材料與方法 7
3.1塑膠類食品器具容器包裝之樣品來源 7
3.2塑膠類食品器具容器包裝樣品製備與分析方法 7
3.2.1樣品製備流程 8
3.2.2定性分析 8
3.2.3微奈米塑膠定量分析 8
3.2.4奈米塑膠粒徑分析 9
3.3暴露與潛在健康風險評估 9
3.3.1暴露評估 9
3.3.2人體之潛在健康風險評估 10
第四章　結果 12
4.1塑膠類食品器具容器包裝之微奈米塑膠分析 12
4.1.1塑膠類食品器具容器包裝樣品定性分析 12
4.1.2微奈米塑膠定量分析 12
4.1.3奈米塑膠粒徑分析結果 13
4.1.4估算塑膠類食品器具容器包裝中微奈米塑膠釋出濃度 13
4.2人體之潛在健康風險評估結果 14
4.3不確定性分析 15
第5章　討論 16
5.1研究限制 16
5.2微奈米塑膠濃度分析結果探討 16
5.3微奈米暴露濃度之結果探討 17
5.4奈米塑膠粒徑分析結果探討 17
5.5人體健康之潛在風險結果探討 18
第6章　總結 19
第7章　建議 20
參考文獻 22

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