臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目次
摘要 II
Abstract III
目次 IV
圖次 VI
表次 VII
第一章　緒論 1
1.1研究背景與研究動機 1
1.2研究重要性 1
1.3研究目的 2
第二章　文獻回顧 3
2.1磷酸鹽類調查 3
2.1.1 磷酸鹽類之基本性質與其應用 3
2.1.2磷酸鹽類之潛在毒性 3
2.2總膳食研究 5
2.2.1 總膳食研究之概念與意義 5
2.2.2 總膳食研究之特點與設計原則 6
2.3 國際間礦物質元素總膳食研究 7
2.4 臺灣總膳食研究 8
第三章　材料與方法 9
3.1 分類與聚類食品 9
3.2 制定磷酸鹽類代表性食品清單 9
3.3 規劃採樣清單 10
3.3.1 選擇採樣地點 10
3.3.2 篩選全國性樣品與區域性樣品 11
3.3.3 規劃樣品採買、處理、接收、及製備方式 12
3.4 估算總磷攝取量 12
3.4.1 暴露族群與暴露情境 12
3.4.2 暴露參數 12
3.4.3 總磷攝取量 13
3.5 評估磷酸鹽類之健康風險 13
第四章　結果 15
4.1 總磷濃度之敘述性統計 15
4.2 暴露量估算 15
4.3 食品安全風險評估 16
4.4 不確定性分析 16
第五章　討論 18
5.1 鈣磷攝取量與建議攝取量比較 18
5.2 幼兒磷酸鹽類風險評估 20
5.3 食品中總磷與磷酸鹽類比較 21
5.4 個體觀察模式校正 22
5.5 老年族群鈣磷攝取量調查 23
第六章　總結 27
第七章　未來建議 28
參考文獻 30
附錄 76
附錄一：美國總磷調查中檢出率小於100%之食品品項 76
附錄二：美國總磷調查中總磷濃度前20高之食品品項 77
附錄三：臺灣總磷調查中總磷濃度前20低之食品品項 79
附錄四：臺灣總磷調查中總磷濃度前20高之食品品項 80
附錄五：各暴露族群有無攝食量之食品品項 81
附錄六：各暴露族群前20高攝食量之食品品項 82
附錄七：各暴露族群前20高攝食人數比例之食品品項 84
附錄八：各暴露族群之攝食數據 86

參考文獻
Alimentarius C, 1998. General standard for contaminants and toxins in foods. Annex IVB, Waningen, The Netherlands.
Benini O, D’Alessandro C, Gianfaldoni D, Cupisti A, 2011. Extra-phosphate load from food additives in commonly eaten foods: a real and insidious danger for renal patients. Journal of renal nutrition, 21(4), 303-308.
China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA)， 2016. China Total Diet Study. Available online: http://www.chinafoodsafety.net/detail.aspx?id=2F8F16B8AB6EB2D2D514FFBE794B3FB98C5610E779E432B5
Calvo MS, Moshfegh AJ, Tucker KL, 2014. Assessing the health impact of phosphorus in the food supply: issues and considerations. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 5(1), 104-113.
Calvo MS, 2000. Dietary considerations to prevent loss of bone and renal function. Nutrition, 16(7), 564-566.
Craig JM, 1957. Histologic and histochemical changes in the kidneys of rats fed a diet with an excess of inorganic phosphate. In American Journal of Pathology (Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 621-621). 428 East Preston St, Baltimore, MD 21202-3993: American Society for Investigative Pathology, Inc.
Cui H, Cai F, Xu Q, 2000. Determination of tripolyphosphate in frozen cod and scallop adductor by ion chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 884: 89-92.
DIONEX. Application Note 71. Determination of polyphosphates using ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2010a. Scientific report submitted to EFSA Long-term dietary exposure to chromium in young children living in different European countries.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2010b. Scientific/technical report submitted to EFSA cumulative exposure assessment of triazole pesticides.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA),2012a. Guidance for submission for food additive evaluations EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS).
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012b. Food additives intake model (FAIM) template-version 1.0.
Food and Drug Administration, 1975. Evaluation of the health aspects of phosphates as food ingredients. NTIS PB, 262-651.


Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ),2016. Australian Total Diet Study. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/science/surveillance/Pages/australiantotaldiets1914.aspx
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety(ANSES), 2016. Total Diet Studies (TDSs). Available online: https://www.anses.fr/en/content/total-diet-studies-tdss
GEMS/Food-EURO, 1995. Second workshop on reliable evaluation of low-level contamination of food. Report on a workshop in the frame of GEMS/Food-Euro.
Gimou MM, Charrondière UR, Leblanc JC, Noël L, Guérin T, Pouillot R, 2013. Dietary exposure and health risk assessment for 11 minerals and trace elements in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30(9), 1556-1572.
Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. National Academies Press (US).
Joint FAO, WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization, 1970. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: thirteenth report of the Joint FA.
Joint FAO, WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization, 1982. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: twenty-six report of the Joint FA.
Kaufmann A, Maden K, Leisser W, Matera M, Gude T, 2005. Analysis of polyphosphate in fish and shrimps tissues by two different ion chromatographic methods: implications on false-negative and –positive findings. Food Additives and Contaminants 22(11): 1073-1082.
Kemi VE, Kärkkäinen MU, Rita HJ, Laaksonen MM, Outila TA, Lamberg-Allardt CJ, 2010. Low calcium: phosphorus ratio in habitual diets affects serum parathyroid hormone concentration and calcium metabolism in healthy women with adequate calcium intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 103(4), 561-568.
Kulmbach, Federal Republic of Germany. GEMS/Food-EURO Second Workshop, 1995. Reliable Evaluation of Low-Level Contamination of Food.
Leblanc JC, GuérinT, Noël L, Calamassi-Tran G, Volatier JL,Verger P, 2005. Dietary exposure estimates of 18 elements from the 1st French Total Diet Study. Food Additives and Contaminants, 22(7), 624-641.
Liu H, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Jiang W, 2006. Simple and rapid determination of ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations in pericarp tissue of litchi fruit by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Technology and Biotechnology Journal 44: 531-534.
New Zealand Food Safety Authority(NZFSA), 2016. New Zealand Total Diet Study (NZTDS). Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/science/surveillance/Pages/australiantotaldiets1914.aspx
Noori N, Sims JJ, Kopple JD, Shah A, Colman S, Shinaberger CS, Kalantar-Zadeh K, 2010. Organic and inorganic dietary phosphorus and its management in chronic kidney disease. Iranian journal of kidney diseases, 4(2), 89.
Moy GG, Vannoort RW, 2013. Total diet studies. New York: Springer.
Moy GG, 2013. GEMS/Food and Total Diet Studies. In Total Diet Studies (pp. 421-426). Springer New York.
Ohtomo R, Sekiguchi Y, Mimura T, Sai-to M, Ezawa T, 2004. Quantification of polyphosphate: different sensitivities to short-chain polyphosphate using enzymatic and colorimetric methods as revealed by ion chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry 328: 139-146.
Pan LB, Wang Z, HuangW, Zhang JZ, Cao B, Zhang ZH, 2011. Investigation on the dietary intake and nutritional status of residents in Shenzhen, Guangdong. Chinese Preventive Medicine, 12, 953-955.
Pettifor JM, Marie PJ, Sly MR, Ross F, Isdale JM, de Klerk WA, van der Walt WH, 1984. The effect of differing dietary calcium and phosphorus contents on mineral metabolism and bone histomorphometry in young vitamin D-replete baboons. Calcified Tissue International, 36(1), 668-676.
Sherman RA, Mehta O, 2009. Dietary phosphorus restriction in dialysis patients: potential impact of processed meat, poultry, and fish products as protein sources. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 54(1), 18-23.
Sullivan CM, Leon JB, Sehgal AR, 2007. Phosphorus-containing food additives and the accuracy of nutrient databases: implications for renal patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 17(5), 350-354.
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Centre for Food Safety(HKCFS), 2014. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study Report No. 9 The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Minerals. Available online: http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_firm/programme_tds.html
United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2000. Assigning values to non-detected/non-quantified pesticide residues in human health food exposure assessment. Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), USEPA, Washington, DC 20460.
United State Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), 2014. Total Diet Study-Elements Results Summary Statistics Market Baskets 2006 through 2011.
Voet Hilko van der and Klaveren Jacob D van, 2010. Scientific report submitted to EFSA. Statistical modelling of usual intake.
World Health Organization, 2006. Food safety risk analysis: a guide for national food safety authorities.
中華民國國家標準，總號9638，類號N5200。食品中鈣、磷含量檢驗法。
行政院衛生署，2008。食品衛生管理法。 97.06.11總統華總一義字第09700080101號令修正公佈。
行政院衛生署，食品添加物使用範圍及限量暨規格標準。[http://www.doh.gov.tw]。
于康，鮑瑞雪，2010。骨質疏鬆的醫學營養干預。中華骨質疏鬆和骨礦鹽疾病雜誌，3(2)，87-92。
李士春，石英傑，楊維國，2008。老年骨質疏鬆致髖部骨折的綜合治療。中國骨質疏鬆雜誌，14(9)，633-634。
李瑋君，韓嶽津，吳英黛，曹昭懿，2007。骨質疏鬆相關骨折住院病患之健保申報分析。臺灣醫學，11(1)，22-28。
李筱薇，吳永甯，陳君石，2011。中國總膳食研究二十年的發展演變。中華流行病學雜誌，32(5)，456-458。
吳幸娟，章雅惠，張新儀，潘文涵，2001。台灣地區成人攝入礦物質(鈣，磷，鐵，鈉)之食物來源：1993~1996國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果。臺灣營養學會雜誌，26(3)，142-158。
吳永寧，2013。中國食品安全風險評估需從膳食暴露評估起航。環境與健康展望，121，3-4。
胡素婉，2004。食品污染物臺灣民眾總膳食調查計畫：人體總暴露評估及健康風險評估架構之建立期末報告。行政院衛生署食品衛生處。計畫編號：DOH92-FS021。
翁愫慎，2009。食品污染物臺灣民眾總膳食調查研究計畫期末報告。衛生福利部：衛生福利部輔助科技發展計畫。計畫編號：DOH97-FS038。
蕭寧馨，2003。國人膳食營養素參考攝取量及其說明。修訂第六版。行政院衛生署出版。