臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

壹、前言 1
貳、文獻回顧 2
1. 糖尿病 2
1.1 糖尿病介紹 2
1.2 糖尿病種類 2
1.2.1 第一型糖尿病 2
1.2.2 第二型糖尿病 2
1.2.3 妊娠糖尿病 3
1.2.4 其他特定型糖尿病 3
1.3 第二型糖尿病近年全球概況 3
1.4 第二型糖尿病診斷標準 3
1.5 第二型糖尿病病理機制 4
1.5.1 胰島素阻抗 4
1.5.2 第二型糖尿病之於醣類代謝 4
1.5.3 第二型糖尿病之於脂類代謝 5
1.6 第二型糖尿病目前用藥以及副作用 6
2. 糖尿病動物模式 7
2.1 自發性高血糖動物模式 7
2.2 化學性誘導動物模式 7
2.3 Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamide (NA) 導致糖尿病之機制 7
3. 實驗樣品 7
3.1 海藻 7
3.2 褐藻 8
3.3 裙帶菜 8
3.4 褐藻醣膠 9
3.5 褐藻素 10
4. 研究目的 11
參、實驗設計流程 12
1. 裙帶菜水萃物和酒精萃取物之特性分析 12
2. 裙帶菜萃取物對糖解酵素抑制能力測定 12
3. 裙帶菜萃取物對於肝、脂肪以及肌肉細胞之葡萄糖吸收的影響 13
4. 裙帶菜萃取物對於第二型糖尿病小鼠模型之症狀改善及機制探討 13
肆、實驗材料與方法 14
1. 實驗材料 14
1.1 樣品原料及萃取用溶液 14
1.2 樣品特性分析 14
1.3 糖解酵素抑制能力測定 15
1.4 細胞株 15
1.5 細胞培養之培養基、分化及保存 15
1.6 細胞存活率試劑、油紅O染色、細胞葡萄糖利用率以及肝醣含量分析 15
1.7 蛋白質萃取與西方墨點法相關試劑 16
2. 動物實驗 16
2.1 組織切片 16
2.2 使用抗體 17
3. 儀器設備 17
4. 實驗方法 18
4.1 實驗樣品製備 18
4.2 裙帶菜成份分析 18
4.2.1粗成份分析 18
4.2.1.1水分、灰分測定 18
4.2.1.2粗蛋白質測定 19
4.2.1.3粗脂肪測定 19
4.2.1.4粗纖維測定 19
4.2.1.5 無氮抽出物計算 20
4.2.2重金屬分析 20
4.3 樣品特性分析 20
4.3.1 總醣含量測定 20
4.3.2 硫酸根含量測定 20
4.3.3 總酚含量測定 21
4.3.4 多醣體成份檢驗分析 (Polysaccharide-component analysis) 21
4.3.5 高效能液相層析法(High performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 21
4.3.6 抗氧化能力試驗 21
4.3.6.1 清除DPPH (α,α-diphenyl-β-picryhydrazyl) 自由基能力測定 21
4.3.6.2 螯合亞鐵離子能力測定 22
4.3.6.3 清除超氧陰離子能力測定 22
4.4 糖解酵素抑制能力測定 22
4.4.1 抑制澱粉酶 (α-amylase) 活性測試 23
4.4.2 抑制葡萄糖苷酶 (α-glucosidase) 活性測試 23
4.5 細胞實驗 (In vitro) 23
4.5.1 細胞培養 (Cell culture) 23
4.5.2 細胞保存 24
4.5.3 細胞活化 24
4.5.4 細胞毒性測試 (Cytotoxicity test) 24
4.5.5 油紅O染色 24
4.5.6 細胞葡萄糖利用率 25
4.5.7 肝醣含量分析 25
4.6 蛋白質定量分析 25
4.6.1萃取組織蛋白質 25
4.6.2 蛋白質定量 25
4.6.3 西方墨點法 25
4.7 動物實驗 (In vivo) 26
4.7.1 第二型糖尿病小鼠動物模式體重、攝食量、飲水量和餐後血糖監測 26
4.7.2 口服葡萄糖耐量試驗 27
4.7.3 血清胰島素、糖化血色素以及脂聯素測定 27
4.7.4 尿糖分析 27
4.7.5 胰島素阻抗性 (HOMA-IR) 和 β 細胞功能性 (HOMA-β) 評估 27
4.7.6 血清中肝、腎功能化學檢測 28
4.7.7 免疫細胞因子變化 28
4.8 組織病理切片 28
4.8.1 石蠟切片 28
4.8.2 蘇木素-伊紅染色 (Hematoxylin and eosin stain, H&E stain) 28
4.8.3 化學免疫染色 (Immunohistochemistry, IHC) 28
4.9 統計分析 29
伍、結果 30
1. 裙帶菜水萃物和酒精萃取物之化學特性與生物活性分析 30
2. 裙帶菜萃取物對糖解酵素抑制能力測定 31
3. 裙帶菜萃取物對於細胞之葡萄糖吸收的影響 31
3.1 裙帶菜萃取物對脂肪細胞之葡萄糖吸收能力分析 31
3.2 裙帶菜萃取物對肌肉細胞之葡萄糖吸收能力分析 32
3.3 裙帶菜萃取物對肝臟細胞之葡萄糖吸收能力分析 32
4. 裙帶菜萃取物對於第二型糖尿病小鼠模型之症狀改善及機制探討 33
4.1 第二型糖尿病小鼠之動物模式及每周體重、空腹血糖的紀錄 33
4.2 探討裙帶菜萃取物對第二型糖尿病小鼠之調控血糖情形 34
4.3 裙帶菜萃取物對第二型糖尿病小鼠的肝、腎功能影響 34
4.4 裙帶菜萃取物對胰腺的形態和功能及肌肉、脂肪 GLUT4 表達量之影響 34
4.5 裙帶菜萃取物對免疫細胞之調節 35
陸、討論 36
1. 裙帶菜水萃物和酒精萃取物之化學特性與生物活性分析 36
2. 裙帶菜萃取物對糖解酵素抑制能力測定 37
3. 裙帶菜萃取物對於細胞之葡萄糖吸收的影響 37
5. 裙帶菜萃取物對於第二型糖尿病小鼠模型之症狀改善及機制探討 38
柒、結論 41
捌、參考文獻 42

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