臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

糖尿病 (Diabetes mellitus, DM) 與其衍生之相關代謝性疾病為全球重要的公共議題，而燕麥與薏仁為國人經常食用的穀類，兼具藥食之用。本實驗目的為探討不同部位之燕麥與薏仁影響糖尿病大鼠的醣類與脂質代謝機制並以 Wistar 雄性大鼠試驗。實驗分為七組：正常飲食組 (N)、糖尿病組 (C)、正控制組 (P)、薏仁麩皮組 (AB)、精白薏仁組 (PA)、燕麥麩皮組 (OB)、精白燕麥組 (PO)，實驗共進行十週。結果顯示，在糖尿病方面，在第九週葡萄糖耐受性試驗中，薏仁麩皮組於第 120 分鐘可降低血糖濃度，並減少葡萄糖曲線下面積，改善葡萄糖耐受性，而各試驗組皆能降低小腸 maltase 活性，除精白燕麥組外，其他試驗組對於小腸 sucrase 亦有降低之效果。在脂質方面，燕麥麩皮組與精白燕麥組可降低血漿總膽固醇與 VLDL + LDL 膽固醇濃度，並提升 HDL 膽固醇濃度。此外添加燕麥的組別 (OB 組、PO 組) 可減少血漿與肝臟中的過氧化物生成。抗氧化部分，精白薏仁組和燕麥麩皮組可提升麩胱甘肽過氧化酶活性，而各試驗組之 GSH/GSSG 比例皆明顯增加。各試驗組皆可降低肝指數 AST 及 ALT 活性。在脂肪激素方面，各試驗組可降低 TNF-α 濃度，除精白燕麥組外，其他試驗組可提升血漿 adiponectin 濃度，而除精白薏仁組外，其他試驗組組則可減少 IL-6 濃度。綜合上述結果，推測燕麥與薏仁可能透過抑制腸道醣類吸收並提升體內抗氧化能力，進而改善糖尿病所引發之代謝異常。

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease and regarded as an important global public issue. Adlay and oat are usually used as cereals in Taiwan. This study was designed to compare the effects of different parts of adlay and oat on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Fifty-four Wistar males are randomly divided to senven groups: normal group (N), diabetic group (C), TZD (Rosiglitazone) group (P), adlay bran group (AB), polished adlay group (PA), oat bran group (OB), polished oat group (PO) for 10 weeks. Results from this study show that adlay bran significantly decreased 60, 120 and 180 min plasma glucose and the area under curve (AUC) after oral glucose tolerance test at 9 week. AB, PA, OB group decreased not only intestinal maltase but also sucrase activities. PO group decreased intestinal maltase activities only. Oat and bran supplementation could decrease plasma total cholesterol and VLDL + LDL cholesterol concentration and increase HDL cholesterol concentration. In addition, OB and PO group decreased the levels of plasma and liver TBARS. In the aspect of antioxidant captivity, PA and OB group increased glutathione peroxidase activity. All of the experimental groups could significantly increase the GSH/GSSG ratio and decrease AST, ALT activities. AB, PA, OB group increased adiponectin concentration. AB, OB, PO group decreased IL-6 concentration. It is suggested that adlay and oat could inhibit the carbohydrate absorption of intestine and elevate antioxidant capatity. They possibly have the potential to improve the metabolic abnormalities caused by diabetes.

目次
壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻整理 2
一、 糖尿病 2
1. 簡介 2
2. 診斷 2
3. 分類 3
4. 糖尿病對醣代謝之影響 4
5. 糖尿病對脂質代謝之影響 5
6. 糖尿病的併發症之成因 5
7. 糖尿病與氧化壓力之關係 6
8. 糖尿病用藥 8
二、 糖尿病之動物模式 10
1. 自發性高血糖動物 10
2. 化學物誘導糖尿病動物 10
三、 膳食纖維 (dietary fiber) 12
1. 定義 12
2. 分類 12
3. 特性 12
4. 膳食纖維對體重之影響 12
5. 膳食纖維對血糖之影響 13
6. 膳食纖維對血脂之影響 13
四、 肝臟相關酵素代謝調節 14
1. 腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶 (AMP-activated potein kinase, AMPK) 14
五、 薏仁 15
1. 簡介 15
2. 一般組成分 15
3. 薏仁的生理影響 16
六、 燕麥 18
1. 簡介 18
2. 一般組成分 18
3. 燕麥的生理影響 20
參、 實驗動機與目的 21
肆、 實驗流程 22
伍、 實驗材料 24
陸、實驗方法 26
一、 一般成分分析 26
1. 水份 26
2. 灰份 26
3. 粗蛋白 26
4. 粗脂肪 27
5. 粗纖維 27
二、 糖尿病誘導 27
三、 動物樣品分析 27
1. 血漿分離 27
2. 血漿分析 28
3. 肝臟脂質萃取 32
4. 肝臟分析 33
5. 糞便分析 37
柒、 結果 38
捌、 討論 42
玖、 結論 47
壹拾、 參考文獻 48 

表目錄
表一、薏仁與薏仁麩皮之組成分 59
表二、實驗飼料組成 60
表三、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠體重、攝食量與飲水量之變化 61
表四、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠組織臟器重量之變化 62
表五、以 STZ 合併 nicotinamide 誘導 2 週後體重、葡萄糖、胰島素濃度之變化 63
表六、餵食不同實驗飼料 4 與 8 週後，Wistar 大白鼠血漿葡萄糖濃度之變化 64
表七、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠肝臟肝醣含量之變化 65
表八、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠肝臟 hexokinase 與 G6Pase 活性之變化 66
表九、餵食不同實驗飼料 4 週後，Wistar 大白鼠血漿總膽固醇與三酸甘油酯濃度之變化 67
表十、餵食不同實驗飼料 8 週後，Wistar 大白鼠血漿總膽固醇與三酸甘油酯濃度之變化 68
表十一、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠血漿總膽固醇、三酸甘油酯、脂蛋白與 TBARS 之變化 69
表十二、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠血漿天門冬胺酸轉胺酶 (AST) 及丙胺酸轉胺酶 (ALT) 之含量 70
表十三、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠脂聯素、腫瘤壞死因子-α、瘦體素及 IL-6 濃度之變化 71
表十四、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠肝臟總膽固醇、三酸甘油酯之變化 72
表十五、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 糞便重量、三酸甘油酯與總膽固醇濃度之變化 73
表十六、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠肝臟 TBARS 濃度與抗氧化酵素活性之變化 74 
圖目錄
圖一、餵食不同實驗飼料 Wistar 大白鼠每週體重之變化 75
圖二、以 STZ 合併 nicotinamide 誘導 2 週後，葡萄糖耐受性試驗血漿葡萄糖濃度變化量趨勢 76
圖三、攝取不同實驗飼料 9 週後，Wistar 大白鼠進行口服葡萄糖耐受性試驗血糖之變化 77
圖四、攝取不同實驗飼料 9 週後，Wistar 大白鼠進行口服葡萄糖耐受性試驗血糖變化量曲線下面積之變化 78
圖五、攝取不同實驗飼料 9 週後，Wistar 大白鼠進行口服葡萄糖耐受性試驗血糖曲線下面積變化量 79
圖六、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠小腸 lactase 及 sucrase 活性之變化 80
圖七、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠小腸 maltase 活性之變化 81
圖八、餵食不同實驗飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠肝臟 (A) GSH 與 GSSH含量 (B) GSH/GSSG 比值 82
圖九、餵食不同飼料 10 週後，Wistar 大白鼠肝臟 pAMPK/tAMPK 蛋白質表現量之變化 83

王思涓。2002。薏苡籽實中特殊生理機能性成分的定量分析與比較。國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所碩士論文。台北。
江怡萱。2001。糙薏仁添加綠豆對 STZ 所誘發之糖尿病大白鼠脂質代謝與糖類代謝的影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。基隆。
何菁菁。2000。糙薏仁對 STZ 誘發之糖尿病大鼠脂質與醣類代謝的影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。基隆。
吳宛穎。2005。糙薏仁對第二型糖尿病人血糖及血脂肪的影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。基隆。
姚賢宗，葉寶華，李華揚，江孟燦。2004。薏仁豆奶對倉鼠脂質代謝之影響。臺灣農業化學與食品科學 42 (1)： 43-51.
曾勝雄，江文章。2003。不同產地及品種對糙薏仁營養成分之影響。台中區農業改良場研究彙報 81：31-41.
曾憲鵬。2009。高與低分子量幾丁聚醣對 streptozotocin/nicotinamide 誘發之第二型糖尿病大白鼠糖代謝和脂質代謝之影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。基隆。
黃士禮、陳瑤鋒、江文章。1994。省產薏苡籽實中胺基酸、脂肪酸和一般組成分分析。食品科學 21： 67-74.
黃士禮。1996。薏苡籽實儲藏條件、抗突變及抗腫瘤效果之研究。國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所博士論文。台北。
黃士禮，江文章。1999。薏苡籽實各部位之組成及其丙酮萃取物之抗突變作用。食品科學 26：121-130。
黃博偉。2003。不同糙薏仁成分對糖尿病大白鼠醣代謝及脂質代謝的影響。國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所博士論文。台北。
劉桂萍。2000。薏苡殼甲醇萃取物清除自由基成分之分離與純化。國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所博士論文。台北。
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2014) 民國 102 年國人主要死因統計。臺北，臺灣。
蘇佩琪。1996。薏仁對高血脂症和糖尿症病患血漿脂質和血糖的影響。輔仁大學食品營養所碩士論文。台北。
Adams LA, Angulo P, &; Lindor KD. (2005) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal 172(7): 899-905.
Al-Malki AL. (2013a) Oat Attenuation of Hyperglycemia-Induced Retinal Oxidative Stress and NF-kappa B Activation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013.
Al-Malki AL. (2013b) Oat Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats via Attenuating Advanced Glycation End Products and Nuclear Factor Kappa B. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013.
American Diabetes Association (2014). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2014. Diabetes care 37: S14-80.
American Diabetes Association (2014). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes care 37: S81-90.
Amaral L, Morgan D, Stephen AM, Whiting S (1992). Effect of Propionate on Lipid-Metabolism in Healthy-Human Subjects. FASEB Journa. 6(5): A1655.
American Association of Cereal Chemists report (2001) The definition of dieatary fiber. Cereal Foods World 46: 112-126.
Anderson JW, &; Akanji AO. (1991) Dietary fiber--an overview. Diabetes Care 14(12): 1126-1131.
Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Turner J, Oeltgen PR, &; Daggy BP. (1999) Effects of psyllium on glucose and serum lipid responses in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70(4), 466-473.
Anderson JW, Jones AE, Riddell-Mason S (1994) Ten different dietary fibers have significantly different effects on serum and liver lipids of cholesterol-fed rats. The Journal of nutrition 124 (1): 78-83.
Anderson JW, Gustafson NJ, Bryant CA, Tietyen-Clark J. (1987) Dietary fiber and diabetes: a comprehensive review and practical application. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 87(9): 1189-1197.
Andrews WJ, Vasquez B, Nagulesparan M, Klimes I, Foley J, Unger R, et al. (1984) Insulin therapy in obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetes induces improvements in insulin action and secretion that are maintained for two weeks after insulin withdrawal. Diabetes 33(7): 634-642.
Aro H, Järvenpää E, Könkö K, Hietaniemi V (2007) The characterization of oat lipids produced by supercritical fluid technologies. Journal of Cereal Science 45: 116-119.
AOAC 2000. Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Gaithersburg, MD.
Baud V and Karin M. (2001) Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor and its relatives. Trends in Cell Biology 11(9): 372-377.
Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. (1997) Effect of beta-glucan level in oat fiber extracts on blood lipids in men and women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 16(1): 46-51.
Berger JJ and Barnard RJ. (1999) Effect of diet on fat cell size and hormone-sensitive lipase activity. Journal of Applied Physiology 87(1): 227-232.
Bhandari SR, Park SK, Cho YC, Lee YS (2014) Evaluation of phytonutrients in Adlay (Coix lacrymajobi L.) seeds. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(8): 1872-1878.
Bratt, K., K. Sunnerheim, S. Bryngelsson, A. Fagerlund, L. Engman, R. E. Andersson and L. H. Dimberg (2003). Avenanthramides in oats (Avena sativa L.) and structure-antioxidant activity relationships. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(3): 594-600.
Bratt K, Sunnerheim K, Bryngelsson S, Fagerlund A, Engman L, Andersson RE, et al. (2003) Avenanthramides in oats (Avena sativa L.) and structure-antioxidant activity relationships. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(3): 594-600.
Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. (1999) Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69(1): 30-42.
Brunzell JD, Hazzard WR, Motulsky AG, Bierman EL. (1975) Evidence for diabetes mellitus and genetic forms of hypertriglyceridemia as independent entities. Metabolism 24(10): 1115-1121.
Butt SM, Tahir-Nadeem M, Khan MK, Shabir R, Butt MS. (2008) Oat: unique among the cereals. European Journal of Nutrition 47(2): 68-79.
Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Ferguson K, Robertson S, Radcliffe MA. (1991) Effects of chronic alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade on peripheral nerve conduction, hypoxic resistance, polyols, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and vascular supply in STZ-D rats. Diabetes 40(12): 1652-1658.
Carmen GY and Victor SM. (2006) Signalling mechanisms regulating lipolysis. Cell Signal 18(4): 401-408.
Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. (2000) Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 342(19): 1392-1398.
Chawla R and Patil GR (2010) Soluble dietary fibers. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9: 178-196.
Chen CY, Milbury PE, Kwak HK, Collins FW, Samuel P, Blumberg JB. (2004) Avenanthramides and phenolic acids from oats are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. Journal of Nutrition 134(6): 1459-1466.
Chen HJ, Chung CP, Chiang W, Lin YL. (2011) Anti-inflammatory effects and chemical study of a flavonoid-enriched fraction from adlay bran. Food Chemistry 126(4): 1741-1748.
Chen YD, Risser TR, Cully M, Reaven GM. (1979) Is the hypertriglyceridemia associated with insulin deficiency caused by decreased lipoprotein lipase activity? Diabetes 28(10): 893-898.
Chiang W, Cheng C, Chiang M, Chung KT. (2000) Effects of dehulled adlay on the culture count of some microbiota and their metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48(3): 829-832.
Cruz WS, Kwon G, Marshall CA, McDaniel ML, Semenkovich CF. (2001) Glucose and insulin stimulate heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity in mouse islets and INS-1 cells. A potential link between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276(15): 12162-12168.
Cummings JH. The effect of dietary fiber on fecal weight and composition. In: Spiller GA, editor. CRC handbook of dietary fiber in human nutrition. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993, p. 263-349.
Daou C and Zhang H. (2012) Oat Beta-Glucan: Its Role in Health Promotion and Prevention of Diseases. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 11(4): 355-365.
Davidson MH, Dugan LD, Burns JH, Bova J, Story K, Drennan KB. (1991) The hypocholesterolemic effects of beta-glucan in oatmeal and oat bran. A dose-controlled study. Journal of the American Medical Association 265(14): 1833-1839.
Devries JW. (2004) Dietary fiber: the influence of definition on analysis and regulation. Journal of AOAC International 87(3): 682-706.
Doehlert DC, Simsek S, McMullen MS. (2012) Extraction of beta-Glucan from Oats for Soluble Dietary Fiber Quality Analysis. Cereal Chemistry 89(5): 230-236.
Drzikova B, Dongowski G, Gebhardt E. (2005) Dietary fibre-rich oat-based products affect serum lipids, microbiota, formation of short-chain fatty acids and steroids in rats. British Journal of Nutrition 94(6): 1012-1025.
Dunn FL. (1988) Treatment of lipid disorders in diabetes mellitus. Medical Clinics of North America 72(6) 1379-1398.
Englyst HN, Bingham SA, Runswick SA, Collinson E, Cummings JH (1989) Dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharides) in cereal products. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2: 253-271.
Erickson RH, Zakim D, Vessey DA. (1978) Preparation and properties of a phospholipid-free form of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Biochemistry 17(18): 3706-3711.
Fang YZ, Yang S, Wu G. (2002) Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition 18(10): 872-879.
Farrell GC, van Rooyen D, Gan L, Chitturi S. (2012) NASH is an Inflammatory Disorder: Pathogenic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. Gut and Liver 6(2): 149-171.
Fernandez-Checa JC and Kaplowitz N. (2005) Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione: transport and role in disease and toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 204(3): 263-273.
Fernandez ML, Sun DM, Tosca MA, &; McNamara DJ. (1994) Citrus pectin and cholesterol interact to regulate hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein metabolism: a dose-response study in guinea pigs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59(4): 869-878.
Folch J, Lees M, &; Sloane Stanley GH. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226(1): 497-509.
French SJ and Read NW. (1994) Effect of guar gum on hunger and satiety after meals of differing fat content: relationship with gastric emptying. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59(1): 87-91.
Frost GS, Brynes AE, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR, &; McBurney MI. (2003) The effects of fiber enrichment of pasta and fat content on gastric emptying, GLP-1, glucose, and insulin responses to a meal. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57(2): 293-298.
Fukaya M, Tamura Y, Chiba Y, Tanioka T, Mao J, Inoue Y, et al. (2013) Protective effects of a nicotinamide derivative, isonicotinamide, against streptozotocin-induced beta-cell damage and diabetes in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 442(1-2): 92-98.
Gallaher DD, Hassel CA, Lee KJ, Gallaher CM. (1993) Viscosity and fermentability as attributes of dietary fiber responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect in hamsters. Journal of Nutrition 123(2): 244-252.
Gastaldelli A, Ferrannini E, Miyazaki Y, Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. (2004a) Beta-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance: results from the San Antonio metabolism (SAM) study. Diabetologia 47(1): 31-39.
Gastaldelli A, Miyazaki Y, Pettiti M, Buzzigoli E, Mahankali S, Ferrannini E, et al. (2004b) Separate contribution of diabetes, total fat mass, and fat topography to glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89(8): 3914-3921.
Giacco F, &; Brownlee M. (2010) Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circulation Research 107(9): 1058-1070.
Giacco R, Parillo M, Rivellese AA, Lasorella G, Giacco A, D'Episcopo L, et al. (2000) Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 23(10): 1461-1466.
Gilman CP, Perry T, Furukawa K, Grieg NH, Egan JM, &; Mattson MP. (2003) Glucagon-like peptide 1 modulates calcium responses to glutamate and membrane depolarization in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neurochemistry 87(5): 1137-1144.
Golay A, Swislocki AL, Chen YD, Reaven GM. (1987) Relationships between plasma-free fatty acid concentration, endogenous glucose production, and fasting hyperglycemia in normal and non-insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Metabolism 36(7): 692-696.
Golay A, Zech L, Shi MZ, Chiou YA, Reaven GM, Chen YD. (1987) High density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: measurement of HDL turnover using tritiated HDL. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 65(3): 512-518.
Goldstein BJ, Scalia RG, Ma XL. (2009) Protective vascular and myocardial effects of adiponectin. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine 6(1): 27-35.
Granado M, Fuente-Martin E, Garcia-Caceres C, Argente J, Chowen JA. (2012) Leptin in early life: a key factor for the development of the adult metabolic profile. Obesity Facts 5(1): 138-150.
Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. (2002) Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Brassicajuncea diet and their effect on hepatic glycogen content and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Mol Cell Biochem 241(1-2): 95-101.
Ha DT, Trung TN, Thu NB, On TV, Nam HN, Men VC, et al. (2010) Adlay seed extract (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) decreased adipocyte differentiation and increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Journal of Medicinal Food 13(6): 1331-1339.
Hayden MR and Tyagi SC. (2002) Intimal redox stress: accelerated atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atheroscleropathy. Cardiovascular Diabetology 1: 3.
Heaton KW. (1973) Food fibre as an obstacle to energy intake. Lancet 2(7843) 1418-1421.
Holm C. (2003) Molecular mechanisms regulating hormone-sensitive lipase and lipolysis. Biochemical Society 31(Pt 6): 1120-1124.
Hooda S, Matte JJ, Vasanthan T, Zijlstra RT. (2010) Dietary oat beta-glucan reduces peak net glucose flux and insulin production and modulates plasma incretin in portal-vein catheterized grower pigs. Journal of Nutrition 140(9): 1564-1569.
Hoover R, Smith C, Zhou Y, Ratnayake RMWS. (2003) Physicochemical properties of Canadian oat starches. Carbohydrate Polymers 52(3): 253-261.
Horman S, Browne G, Krause U, Patel J, Vertommen D, Bertrand L, et al. (2002) Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase leads to the phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 and an inhibition of protein synthesis. Current Biology 12(16): 1419-1423.
Howard BV. (1987) Lipoprotein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Lipid Research 28(6): 613-628.
Huang XF, Yu YH, Beck EJ, South T, Li YL, Batterham MJ, et al. (2011) Diet high in oat beta-glucan activates the gut-hypothalamic (PYY3-36-NPY) axis and increases satiety in diet-induced obesity in mice. Molecular Nutrition &; Food Research 55(7): 1118-1121.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes atlas 2013 6th. Available at: http://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed August 20, 2014.
Jenkins AL, Jenkins DJA, Zdravkovic U, Wursch P, &; Vuksan V. (2002) Depression of the glycemic index by high levels of beta-glucan fiber in two functional foods tested in type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(7): 622-628.
Ji LL, Lay D, Chung E, Fu Y, Peterson DM. (2003) Effects of avenanthramides on oxidant generation and antioxidant enzyme activity in exercised rats. Nutrition Research 23(11): 1579-1590.
Kim SO, Yun SJ, Jung B, Lee EH, Hahm DH, Shim I, et al. (2004) Hypolipidemic effects of crude extract of adlay seed (Coix lachrymajobi var. mayuen) in obesity rat fed high fat diet: Relations of TNF-alpha and leptin mRNA expressions and serum lipid levels. Life Sciences 75(11): 1391-1404.
Kincaid B, Bossy-Wetzel E. (2013) Forever young: SIRT3 a shield against mitochondrial meltdown, aging, and neurodegeneration. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 5:48.
Kroncke KD, Fehsel K, Sommer A, Rodriguez ML, Kolbbachofen V. (1995) Nitric-Oxide Generation during Cellular Metabolization of the Diabetogenic N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea Streptozotozin Contributes to Islet-Cell DNA-Damage. Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler 376(3): 179-185.
Lasztity R (1999) The Chemistry of Cereal Proteins. Akademiai Kiado
Lia A, Hallmans G, Sandberg AS, Sundberg B, Aman P, Andersson H. (1995) Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62(6): 1245-1251.
Lichtenstein AH and Schwab US. (2000) Relationship of dietary fat to glucose metabolism. Atherosclerosis 150(2): 227-243.
Lo CW, and Walker WA. (1989) Changes in the gastrointestinal tract during enteral or parenteral feeding. Nutrition Reviews 47(7): 193-198.
Long S, Tian Y, Zhang R, Yang L, Xu Y, Jia L, et al. (2006) Relationship between plasma HDL subclasses distribution and lipoprotein lipase gene HindIII polymorphism in hyperlipidemia. Clinica Chimica Acta 366(1-2): 316-321.
Long YC and Zierath JR. (2006) AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in metabolic regulation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 116(7): 1776-1783.
Manthey FA, Hareland GA, Huseby DJ. (1999) Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber content and composition in oat. Cereal Chemistry 76(3): 417-420.
Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. (2003) Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: A review. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 17(1): 24-38.
Martinez-Tome M, Murcia MA, Frega N, Ruggieri S, Jimenez AM, Roses F, et al. (2004) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of cereal brans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52(15): 4690-4699.
Masiello P, Broca C, Gross R, Roye M, Manteghetti M, Hillaire-Buys D, et al. (1998) Experimental NIDDM: development of a new model in adult rats administered streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Diabetes 47(2): 224-229.
McClung JP, Roneker CA, Mu W, Lisk DJ, Langlais P, Liu F, et al. (2004) Development of insulin resistance and obesity in mice overexpressing cellular glutathione peroxidase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(24): 8852-8857.
Mirmoghtadaie L, Kadivar M, Shahedi M. (2009) Effects of succinylation and deamidation on functional properties of oat protein isolate. Food Chemistry 114(1): 127-131.
Mohamed OS, Said MM, Ali ZY, Atia HA, Mostafa HS (2011). Improving Effect of Dietary Oat Bran Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Induced by Hyperlipidemic Diet.Evaluation53: 60.
Murase T, Yamada N, &; Matsuzaki F. (1981) The in vitro effect of growth hormone on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase in rats. Life Sciences 28(2): 199-201.
Murat JC and Serfaty A. (1974) Simple enzymatic determination of polysaccharide (glycogen) content of animal tissues. Clinical Chemistry 20(12): 1576-1577.
Murphy MC, Chapman C, Lovegrove JA, Isherwood SG, Morgan LM, Wright JW, et al. (1996) Meal frequency; does it determine postprandial lipaemia? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50(8): 491-497.
Nagao T, Otsuka H, Kohda H, Sato T, Yamasaki K (1985) Benzoxazinone from Coixlachryma-jobi L var. ma-yuen. Phytochemistry 24: 2959-2962.
Nagayama F, Ohshima H, Umezawa K (1972) Distribution of glucose-6-phosphate metabolizing enzyme in fish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for the Science of Fish 38: 589-593.
Panduri V, Weitzman SA, Chandel NS, Kamp DW. (2004) Mitochondrial-derived free radicals mediate asbestos-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 286(6): L1220-L1227.
Park Y, Suzuki H, Lee YS, Hayakawa S, Wada S. (1988) Effect of coix on plasma, liver, and fecal lipid components in the rat fed on lard- or soybean oil-cholesterol diet. Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology 39(1): 11-17.
Peng CH, Chang HC, Yang MY, Huang CN, Wang SJ, Wang CJ. (2013) Oat attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver and obesity via inhibiting lipogenesis in high fat-fed rat. Journal of Functional Foods 5(1): 53-61.
Pulinilkunnil T and Rodrigues B. (2006) Cardiac lipoprotein lipase: metabolic basis for diabetic heart disease. Cardiovascular Research 69(2): 329-340.
Queenan KM, Stewart ML, Smith KN, Thomas W, Fulcher RG, Slavin JL. (2007) Concentrated oat beta-glucan, a fermentable fiber, lowers serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults in a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 6(1): 6.
Rolls BJ. (2000) The role of energy density in the overconsumption of fat. Journal of Nutrition 130(2S Suppl): 268S-271S.
Rolls BJ, Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Chow M, Pelkman CL, Thorwart ML. (1999) Energy density but not fat content of foods affected energy intake in lean and obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69(5): 863-871.
Sahasrabudhe MR (1979) Lipid composition of oats (Avena sativa L.). Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56 (2): 80-84.
Shen RL, Cai FL, Dong JL, Hu XZ. (2011) Hypoglycemic effects and biochemical mechanisms of oat products on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59(16): 8895-8900.
Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, Beilin L. (2001) Advanced glycation end-products: a review. Diabetologia 44(2) 129-146.
Slavin JL. (2008) Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108(10): 1716-1731.
Szkudelski T. (2012) Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes in the rat. Characteristics of the experimental model. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood) 237(5): 481-490.
Takahashi M, Konno C, Hikino H (1986) Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of coixan A, B, C, glycans of Coix larchryma-jobi var ma-yuen seed. Planta Medica 51: 64-65.
Truswell AS. (2002) Cereal grains and coronary heart disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(1), 1-14.
Tseng YH, Yang JH, Chang HL, Lee YL, Mau JL. (2006) Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from monascal adlay. Food Chemistry 97(3): 375-381.
Tungland BC, Meyer D (2006) Nondigestible Oligo- and Polysaccharides (Dietary Fiber): Their Physiology and Role in Human Health and Food. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 1: 90-109.
Vlassara H, &; Palace MR. (2002) Diabetes and advanced glycation endproducts. Journal of Internal Medicine 251(2): 87-101.
Vuksan V, Jenkins DJ, Spadafora P, Sievenpiper JL, Owen R, Vidgen E, et al. (1999) Konjac-mannan (glucomannan) improves glycemia and other associated risk factors for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes. A randomized controlled metabolic trial. Diabetes Care 22(6): 913-919.
Wang LF, Sun J, Yi QD, Wang XF, Ju XR. (2012) Protective Effect of Polyphenols Extract of Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) on Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. Molecules 17(8): 8886-8897.
Watanabe M, Kato M, Ayugase J. (2011) Effects of Millet Grain Administration on Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice. Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology-Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 58(10): 476-482.
Watanabe M, Kato M, Ayugase J. (2012) Anti-diabetic Effects of Adlay Protein in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice. Food Science and Technology Research 18(3): 383-390.
Wautier JL and Schmidt AM. (2004) Protein glycation - A firm link to endothelial cell dysfunction. Circulation Research 95(3): 233-238.
Weaver LT, Austin S, Cole TJ. (1991) Small intestinal length: a factor essential for gut adaptation. Gut 32(11): 1321-1323.
WHO (2011) Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva.
Wilczak J, Blaszczyk K, Kamola D, Gajewska M, Harasym JP, Jalosinska M, et al. (2015) The effect of low or high molecular weight oat beta-glucans on the inflammatory and oxidative stress status in the colon of rats with LPS-induced enteritis. Food &; Function 6(2): 590-603.
Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, &; Josse RG. (1991) The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54(5): 846-854.
Wood PJ. (2007) Cereal beta-glucans in diet and health. Journal of Cereal Science 46(3): 230-238.
Wu Z, Ming J, Gao RP, Wang YX, Liang Q, Yu HG, et al. (2011) Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of the Complex of Tea Polyphenols and Oat beta-Glucan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59(19): 10737-10746.
Xu BJ and Chen X. (2013) Comparative Studies on Free Radical Scavenging Capacities and Total Phenolic Contents of Whole and Dehulled Adlay (Coix Lacryma-Jobi Var. Ma-Yuen) as Affected by Thermal Processing Methods. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 37(5): 630-636.
Youngs VL, Puskulcu M, Smith RR. (1977) Oat lipids. 1. Composition and distribution of lipid components in two oat cultivars. Cereal Chemistry 54: 803-812.
Yu F, Gao J, Zeng Y, Liu CX. (2008) Inhibition of Coix seed extract on fatty acid synthase, a novel target for anticancer activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(2): 252-258.
Yu F, Gao J, Zeng Y, Liu CX. (2011) Effects of adlay seed oil on blood lipids and antioxidant capacity in hyperlipidemic rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91(10): 1843-1848.
Zander E, Heinke P, Reindel J, Kohnert KD, Kairies U, Braun J, et al. (2002) Peripheral arterial disease in diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2: Are there different risk factors? Vasa-Journal of Vascular Diseases 31(4): 249-254.
Zhang JX, Hallmans G, Adlercreutz H, Aman P, Westerlund E, Lundin E, et al. (1993) Effects of oat and rye fractions on biliary and faecal bile acid profiles in Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). British Journal of Nutrition, 70(2): 525-536.
Zhao Y, Wang, Y., Zhu WG. (2011) Applications of post-translational modifications of FoxO family proteins in biological functions. Journal of molecular cell biology, 3(5): 276-282.
Zhao MM, Zhu DS, Sun-Waterhouse D, Su GW, Lin LZ, Wang X, et al. (2014) In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on Adlay-Derived Seed Extracts: Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activities, Serum Uric Acid Suppression, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Effects. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62(31): 7771-7778.
Zhu S, St-Onge MP, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB. (2004) Lifestyle behaviors associated with lower risk of having the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 53(11): 1503-1511.