行政院衛生署 (2012) 99 年及 100 年主要死因死亡人數。http://www.doh.gov.tw/ 資料於 2012 年 6 月 17 日下載。
姚賢宗 (2003) 幾丁聚醣對大白鼠脂質代謝及腸道生理之影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系研究所博士論文。基隆,台灣。謝侑霖 (2010) 幾丁聚醣影響 streptozotocin-nicotinamide 誘發之耐糖不良大白鼠脂肪組織之研究。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系研究所碩士論文。基隆,台灣。Aiba S (1992) Studies on chitosan: 4. Lysozymic hydrolysis of partially N-acetylated chitosans. Int J Biol Macromol 14: 225-228.
Anini Y, Hansotia T, Brubaker PL (2002) Muscarinic receptors control postprandial release of glucagon-like peptide-1: In vivo and in vitro studies in rats. Endocrinology 143: 2420-2426.
Baggio LL, Drucker DJ (2007) Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 132: 2131-2157.
Brubaker PL (1991) Regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion by intestinal regulatory peptides. Endocrinology 128: 3175-3182.
Brubaker PL, Schloos J, Drucker DJ (1998) Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 synthesis and secretion in the GLUTag enteroendocrine cell line. Endocrinology 139: 4108-4114.
Buteau J, Foisy S, Rhodes CJ, Carpenter L, Biden TJ, Prentki M (2001) Protein kinase C gamma activation mediates glucagon-like peptide-1-induced pancreatic -cell proliferation. Diabetes 50: 2237-2243.
Cordier-Bussat M, Bernard C, Levenez F, Klages N, Laser-Ritz B, Philippe J, Chayvialle JA, Cuber JC (1998) Peptones stimulate both the secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 and the transcription of the proglucagon gene. Diabetes 47: 1038-1045.
Dalwoo-chitoSan (1999) Preparation of chitin and chitosan. Available at: http://dalwoo.tripod.com/preparation.htm. Accessed March 30, 2011.
de Bruïne AP, Dinjens WN, Pijls MM, vd Linden EP, Rousch MJ, Moerkerk PT, de Goeij AF, Bosman FT (1992) NCI-H716 cells as a model for endocrine differentiation in colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 62: 311-320.
de Bruïne AP, Dinjens WN, van der Linden EP, Pijls MM, Moerkerk PT, Bosman FT (1993) Extracellular matrix components induce endocrine differentiation in vitro in NCI-H716 cells. Am J Pathol 142: 773-782.
Deacon CF, Johnsen AH, Holst JJ (1995) Degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 by human plasma in vitro yields an N-terminally truncated peptide that is a major endogenous metabolite in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 952-957.
Deuchi K, Kanauchi O, Imasato Y, Kobayshi E (1994) Decreasing effect of chitosan on the apparent fat digestibility by rats fed on a high-fat diet. Biosci Biotech Biochem 58: 1613-1616.
Dhanvantari S, Seidah NG, Brubaker PL (1996) Role of prohormone convertases in the tissue-specific processing of proglucagon. Mol Endocrinol 10:342-355.
Drucker DJ (2006) The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metab 3:153-165.
Eissele R, Goke R, Willemer S, Harthus HP, Vermeer H, Arnold R, Goke B (1992) Glucagon-like peptide-1 cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rat, pig and man. Eur J Clin Invest 22: 283-291.
Elliott RM, Morgan LM, Tredger JA, Deacon S, Wright J, Marks V (1993) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man: acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns. J Endocrinol 138: 159 -166.
Furda I (1983) Aminopolysaccharides-their potential as dietary fiber. In: Furda I, editor. ACS symposium series 214. Washington (DC): American chemical society. Unconventional Sources of Dietary Fiber 105-122.
Gribble FM, Williams L, Simpson AK, Reimann F (2003) A novel glucose-sensing mechanism contributing to glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the GLUTag cell line. Diabetes 52: 1147-1154.
Hansen L, Deacon CF, Orskov C, Holst JJ (1999) Glucagon-like peptide- 1-(7-36) amide is transformed to glucagon-like peptide-1-(9-36) amide by dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the capillaries supplying the L cells of the porcine intestine. Endocrinology 140: 5356-5363.
Hansen L, Deacon CF, Orskov C, Holst JJ (1999) Glucagon-like peptide- 1-(7-36) amide is transformed to glucagon-like peptide-1-(9-36) amide by dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the capillaries supplying the L cells of the porcine intestine. Endocrinology 140: 5356-5363.
International Diabetes Federation (2011) Prevalence and projections. Available at: http://www.idf.org/ Accessed April 1, 2012.
Kieffer TJ, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA (1995) Degradation of glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide and truncated glucagonlike peptide 1 in vitro and in vivo by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Endocrinology 136: 3585-3596.
Knorr D (1984) Use of chitinous polymers in food. A challenge for food research and development. Food Technol 85-97.
Kondo Y, Nakatani A, Hayashi K, Ito M (2000) Low molecular weight chitosan prevents the progression of low dose streptozotocin-induced slowly progressive diabetes mellitus in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 23: 1458-1464.
Lang ER, Kienzle-Sterzr CA, Rodriquez-Sanchez D, Rha CK (1982) Rheological behavior of a typical random coil polyelectrolyte: Chitosan. In: Chitin and chitosan, proceedings of the second international conference on chitin and chitosan. ed. by Hirano, S. and Tokura, S. The Japanese Society of Chitin and Chitosan pp: 34-38.
Lim BO, Yamada K, Nonaka M, Kuramoto Y, Hung P, Sugano M (1997) Dietary fiber modulates indices of intestinal immune function in rats. J Nutr 127: 663-667.
Liu J, Zhang J, Xia W (2008) Hypocholesterolaemic effects of different chitosan samples in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 107: 419-425.
Mentlein R, Gallwitz B, Schmidt WE (1993) Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV hydrolyses gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide- 1(7-36) amide, peptide histidine methionine and is responsible for their degradation in human serum. Eur J Biochem 214: 829-835.
Muzzarelli RAA, Rocchetti R (1985) Determination of the degree of acetylation of chitosans by first derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Carbohyd polym 5: 461-472.
Muzzarelli AAA (1977) Enzymatic synthesis of chitin and chitosan, occurrence of chitin. In: Muzzarelli AAA, editor. New York: Pergamon press. Chitin 5-17.
Nauck MA, El-Ouaghlidi A, Gabrys B, Hücking K, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Gallwitz B, Schmidt WE, Meier JJ (2004) Secretion of incretin hormones (GIP and GLP-1) and incretin effect after oral glucose in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept 122:209-217.
Nauck M, Stöckmann F, Ebert R, reutzfeldt W (1986) Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 29:46-54.
Park JG, Oie HK, Sugarbaker PH, Henslee JG, Chen TR, Johnson BE, Gazdar A (1987) Characteristics of cell lines established from human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 50: 2773-2780.
Pearson G, Robinson F, Beers GT, Xu BE, Karandikar M, Berman K, obb MH (2001) Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions. Endocr Rev 22 : 153-183.
Plaisancie P, Bernard C, Chayvialle JA, Cuber JC: Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide secretion by intestinal neurotransmitters and hormones in the isolated vascularly perfused rat colon. Endocrinology 135:2398 –2403, 1994
Rask E, Olsson T, Soderberg S, Johnson O, Seckl J, Holst JJ, Ahren B: Impaired incretin response after a mixed meal is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care 24:1640 –1645, 2001
Ravi Kumar MNV (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 46: 1-27.
Reimann F, Gribble FM (2002) Glucose-ensing in glucagon-like peptide-1-secreting cells. Diabetes 51:2757-2763.
Reimer RA, Darimont C, Gremlich S, Nicolas-Metral V, Ruegg UT, Mace K (2001) A human cellular model for studying the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Endocrinology 142: 4522-4528.
Reimer RA, Darimont C, Gremlich S, Nicolas-Metral V, Ruegg UT, Mace K (2001) A human cellular model for studying the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Endocrinology 142: 4522– 4528.
Roberge JN, Brubaker PL (1993) Regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide in a novel enteroendocrine loop. Endocrinology 133:233-240.
Rocca AS, Brubaker PL (1999) Role of the vagus nerve in mediating proximal nutrient-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Endocrinology 140: 1687-1694.
Rocca AS, Brubaker PL (1995) Stereospecific effects of fatty acids on proglucagon- derived peptide secretion in fetal rat intestinal cultures. Endocrinology 136: 5593-5599.
Rouille Y, Martin S, Steiner DF (1995) Differential processing of proglucagon by the subtilisin-like prohormone convertases PC2 and PC3 to generate either glucagon or glucagon-like peptide. J Biol Chem 270: 26488-26496.
Saltiel AR, Kahn CR (2001) Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 414: 799-806.
Sandford PA (2002) Commercial sources of chitin and chitosan and their utilization. In: Advances in chitin science, Vol. 6, Vårum KM, Domard A, Smidsrød O eds. Norway: 5th International Conference of the European Chitin Society, 35-42.
Sandu O, Song K, Cai W, Zheng F, Uribarri J, Vlassara H (2005) Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in high-fat-fed mice are linked to high glycotoxin intake. Diabetes 54: 2314-2319.
Wang W, Bo S, Li S. and Qin W (1991a) Determination of the Mark-Houwink equation for chitosans with different degrees of deacetylation. Int J Biol Macromol 13: 281-285.
Wang W, Qin W. and Bo S (1991b) Influence of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan on its Mark-Houwink equation parameters. Makromolekulare Chemie. Rapid Communications 12: 559-561.
World Health Organization (2006). Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia.
Yao HT, Huang SY. and Chiang MT (2008) A comparative study on hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of high and low molecular weight chitosan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 46: 1525-1534.
Yao HT, Huang SY. and Chiang MT (2006) Effect of chitosan on plasma cholesterol and glucose concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Taiwan Nong Ye Hua Xue Yu Shi Pin Ke Xue 44: 122-132.
Yu Y, Liu L, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X, Xie L, Wang G (2010) Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 release by berberine: In vivo and in vitro studies. Biochem Pharmacol 79: 1000-1006.