臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

象牙鳳螺為高經濟價值的食用海洋螺類，但近年來因濫捕造成減產，故養殖業興起，本研究擬探討野生及養殖鳳螺的化學組成，及其在 7oC 與 25 oC 貯藏期間之生化學變化。養殖鳳螺之腹足與內臟的比重大於野生者，前者之腹足及內臟之粗蛋白與肝醣含量顯著高於後者，內臟肝醣顯著高於腹足，而內臟中脂肪含量亦以養殖鳳螺較高。鳳螺腹足之游離胺基酸(FAA)以牛磺酸為最高，次為精胺酸、麩胺酸、丙胺酸；內臟中則以牛磺酸、脯胺酸、麩胺酸、丙胺酸等為主，內臟總胺基酸高於腹足，野生鳳螺高於養殖鳳螺。鳳螺腹足與內臟含高含量尿素，核苷酸相關化合物中則以胞核苷 (Cytidine) 含量較高。活鳳螺於 7oC 儲藏24 小時後即全數死亡；25 oC 貯藏則在第 36 小時開始有死亡現象，至第 96 小時全數死亡。肝醣於7oC 貯藏過程中隨時間增加而下降；25oC 貯藏則在第 96 小時鳳螺死亡後迅速下降。FAA於 7oC 貯藏12天、25oC貯藏6天有下降現象。在7oC 貯藏期間，鳳螺死後腹足部核苷酸以 AMP 為主，隨貯藏時間增加漸被分解成 inosine 及 Hx，K 值在第 9天時上升至 60%。腹足pH 值高於內臟，貯藏期間有逐漸降低之趨勢。VBN 於 7oC 貯藏期間隨時間快速上升，在第 6 天超過衛生標準，25oC 則在第4 天超過標準；TMA-N 在 7oC 貯藏期間含量增加與時間成正比，25oC 則於第 96小時後顯著上升。總生菌數於 7oC 貯藏至第 9 天超過衛生限定標準。綜觀以上，養殖風螺相較野生風螺有較高之粗蛋白、脂質及肝糖含量，於 7oC 貯藏中，肝醣、核苷酸、氨、VBN、TMA-N及總生菌數可用來做為判斷鮮度輔助指標，貯藏期限約 5 天；於 25oC 貯藏時，活鳳螺化學組成變化較小，死後品質則顯著下降。

Areola babylon (Babylonia areolata) is a high value of edible marine snails. Due to over-fishing, the aquaculture is developing in recent years. This study was to understand the chemical compositions of wild (WF) and cultured (CF) areola babylon and their biochemical changes during storage at 7oC and 25oC. Gastropod and viscera proportions of CF were higher than WF. The crude protein and glycogen contents of CF gastropod and viscera were significantly higher than those of WF. Glycogen level of viscera was significantly higher than that of gastropods. The highest fat content was found in CF viscera. Taurine is the highest level of free amino acids (FAAs) in gastropod of WF and CF, followed by arginine, glutamic acid and alanine. The major FAAs in viscera were taurine, proline, glutamic acid and alanine. Total FAAs in viscera was higher than gastropod, and WF was higher than CF. High content of urea was found in gastropod and viscera of areola babylon. The highest level of nucleotide-related compounds was cytidine. After live WF was stored at 7oC for 24 hr, no snail was found survived. Some snails died as stored at 25oC for 36 hr, and no snail survived after 96 hr. Glycogen showed a gradual decrease with storage time at 7oC and 25oC, and declines dramatically after snail died. FAA decreased after storage for 12 days at 7oC and 6 days at 25oC, respectively. AMP was the main accumulated nucleotide-related compound in gastropod of WF during storage at 7oC and 25oC, and then was gradually broken down into Ino and Hx with storage time. The K value reached 60% after storage at 7oC for 9 days. The pH value in gastropod was higher than that in viscera, and it declined gradually during storage. Both levels of VBN and TMA-N increased with storage time. VBN exceeded the limit value after storage at 7oC and 25oC for 6 days and 4 days, respectively. TMA-N incrased dramatically after storage at 25oC for 4 days. Total plate count exceeded the limit value during storage at 7oC for 9 days. According to experiment results, CF had higher contents of crude protein, lipid and glycogen than WF. The glycogen, nucleotide-related compound, ammonia, VBN and TMA-N could be as quality indicators of areola babylon during storage at 7oC. The shelf-life of areola babylon was 5 days at 7oC. There was no significant difference in chemical compositions of live areola babylon during storage at 25oC, but the quality decreased significantly after snail died.

壹、前言 1
貳、文獻整理 3
一、軟體動物門與腹足綱動物之生理特性 3
（一）外觀及內部型態 3
（二）厴及齒舌 4
二、鳳螺與福壽螺之生理、生態與養殖現況 4
（一）象牙鳳螺之簡介 4
（二）福壽螺之簡介 5
三、魚介類之萃取物與呈味成分 7
（一）游離胺基酸 7
（二）雙胜肽類 9
（三）核苷酸及其相關化合物 10
（四）四級胺鹽基化合物 11
（五）有機酸 11
（六）醣類 12
四、影響魚介類化學組成因素 12
（一）種類 12
（二）飼料 13
（三）季節變化 13
（四）生長地區 15
（五）貯存的影響 15
（六）保鮮處理 17
五、魚介類之鮮度判定指標 17
（一）pH 值 18
（二）揮發性鹽基態氮 19
（三）三甲胺及二甲胺 20
（四）K 值 20
（五）次黃嘌呤 21
（六）好氣性總生菌數 21
（七）大腸桿菌群 22
（八）大腸桿菌 23
參、材料與方法 24
一、實驗材料與項目 24
（一）野生與養殖象牙鳳螺及福壽螺之化學組成比較 24
1. 樣品來源與處理 24
2. 分析項目 24
（二）象牙鳳螺於貯藏期間化學組成之變化 24
1. 樣品來源與處理 24
2. 採樣時間點 24
3. 分析項目 25
二、實驗試藥與儀器 25
（一）化學試藥 25
（二）實驗設備及儀器 25
三、分析方法 26
（一）腹足與內臟體重比 26
（二）死亡率 26
（三）一般成分 26
1. 水分 27
2. 灰分 27
3. 粗脂肪 27
4. 粗蛋白 27
（四）pH 值 28
（五）ATP及其相關化合物與 K 值 28
（六）游離胺基酸、雙胜肽、氨與尿素之測定 29
（七）揮發性鹽基態氮 30
（八）三甲胺 31
（九）好氣性總生菌數 31
（十）肝醣 31
（十一）統計分析 32
肆、結果與討論 33
一、野生與養殖象牙鳳螺及福壽螺之化學組成比較 33
（一）腹足與內臟體重比 33
（二）一般成分 33
（三）肝醣 34
（四）游離胺基酸與雙胜肽 35
（五）核苷酸相關化合物 36
（六）氨與尿素 37
二、象牙鳳螺於貯藏期間化學組成之變化 38
（一）死亡率 38
（二）肝醣 39
（三）游離胺基酸 39
（四）核苷酸相關化合物 40
（五）pH值 41
（六）氨及尿素 42
（七）VBN 42
（八）TMA-N 43
（九）K值 43
（十）總生菌數 44
伍、結論 45
陸、參考文獻 46

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