行政院衛生署 (2009)。統計資料,97 年度死因統計記者會發布資料,死因統計結果分析,97 年死因統計結果分析。資料於 2009 年 6 月 17 日下載於 http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2.aspx?now_fod_list_no=10642&class_no=440&level_no=3。
姚賢宗 (2003)。幾丁聚醣對大白鼠脂質代謝及腸道生理的影響。國立台灣海洋大學食品科學系博士論文。蔡敏郎 (1993)。不同分子量、不同去乙醯程度的幾丁聚醣溶液的流變性質與膠囊物性的關係。國立台灣海洋大學水產食品科學系碩士論文。
Aiba, S. (1992). Studies on chitosan: 4. Lysozymic hydrolysis of partially N-acetylated chitosans. International of Biological Marcomolecules, 14: 225-228.
Anderson, T., Schein, P. S., McMenamin, M. G. and Cooney, D. A. (1974). Streptozotocin diabetes. Correlation with extent of depression of pancreatic islet nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 54: 672-677.
Andrews, W. J., Vasquez, B., Nagulesparan, M., Klimes, I., Foley, J., Unger, R. and Reaven, G. M. (1984). Insulin therapy in obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetes induces improvement in insulin action and secretion that are maintained for two weeks after insulin withdrawal. Diabetes, 33: 634-642.
Andy, S. Y. and Emmet, B. K. (2003). Elevated AST or ALT to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: accurate predictor of disease prevalence? The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 98: 955-956.
Austin, P. R., Brine, C. J., Castle, J. E. and Zikakis, J. P. (1981). Chitin: New faces of research. Science, 15: 749-753.
Baxter, A., Dillon, M., Taylor, K. D. and Roberts, G. A. (1992). Improved method for i. r. determination of the degree of N-acetylation of chitosan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 14: 166-169.
Bokura, H. and Kobayashi, S. (2003). Chitosan decreases total cholesterol in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57: 721-725.
Boss, O., Muzzin, P. and Giacobino, J. P. (1998). The uncoupling proteins, a review. European Journal of Endocrinology, 139: 1-9.
Boss, O., Hagen, T. and Lowell, B. B. (2000). Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3: potential regulators of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Diabetes, 49: 143-156.
Brogren, H., Karlsson, L., Andersson, M., Wang, L., Erlinge, D. and Jern, S. (2004). Platelets synthesize large amounts of active plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Blood, 104: 3943-3948.
Brown, M. S. and Goldstein, J. L. (1986). A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science, 232: 34-47.
Carlson, S. E. and Goldfarb, S. (1977). A sensitive enzymatic method for determination of free and esterified tissue cholesterol. Clinica Chimica Acta, 79: 575-582.
Chancharme, L., Therond, P., Nigon, F., Zarev, S., Mallet, A., Bruckert, E. and Chapman, M. J. (2002). LDL particle subclasses in hypercholesterolemia: molecular determinants of reduced lipid hydroperoxide stability. Journal of Lipid Research, 43: 453-462.
Chen, R. H. and Chen, W. Y. (2001). Rheological properties of the water-soluble mucilage of a green laver, Monostroma nitidium. Journal of Applied Phycology, 13: 481-488.
Chen, R. H. and Hwa, H. D. (1996). Effect of molecular weight of chitosan with the same degree of deacetylation on the thermal, mechanical, and permeability properties of the prepared membrane. Carbohydrate Polymers, 29: 353-358.
Cheng, H. H. and Lai, M. H. (2000). Fermentation of resistant rice starch produces propionate reducing serum and hepatic cholesterol in rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 130: 1991-1995.
Chiang, M. T. and Chen, M. L. (1999). Effect of dietary chitosan on lipid metabolism in rats. Journal of the Chinese Agricultural Chemical Society, 37: 20-31.
Chomiki, N., Henry, M., Alessi, M. C., Anfosso, F. and Juhan-Vague, I. (1994). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human liver and healthy or atherosclerotic vessel walls. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 72: 44-53.
Cunningham, O., McElligott, A. M., Carroll, A. M., Breen, E., Reguenga, C., Oliveira, M. E. M., Azevedo, J. E. and Porter, R. K. (2003). Selective detection of UCP 3 expression in skeletal muscle: effect of thyroid status and temperature acclimation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1604: 170-179.
Dahlqvist, A. (1968). Assay of intestinal disaccharidases. Analytical Biochemistry, 22: 99-107.
Deuchi, K., Kanauchi, O., Imasato, Y. and Kobayshi, E. (1994). Decreasing effect of chitosan on the apparent fat digestibility by rats fed on a high-fat diet. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 58: 1613-1616.
Deuchi, K., Kanauchi, O., Shizukuishi, M. and Kobayashi, E. (1995). Continuous and massive intake of chitosan affects mineral and fat-soluble vitamin status in rats fed on a high-fat diet. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 59: 1211-1216.
Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2002). Uncoupling proteins--a new family of proteins with unknown function. Nutritional Neuroscience, 5: 1-11.
Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2003). The role of uncoupling proteins in the regulation of metabolism. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 178: 405-412.
Fleury, C., Neverova, M., Collins, S., Raimbault, S., Champigny, O., Levi-Meyrueis, C., Bouillaud, F., Seldin, M. F., Surwit, R. S., Ricguier, D. and Warden, C. H. (1997). Uncoupling protein-2: a novel gene linked to obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Nature Genetics, 15: 269–272.
Folch, J., Lees, M. and Solane Stanley, G. H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226: 497-509.
Fungwe, T. V., Cagen, L., Wilcox, H. G. and Heimberg, M. (1992). Regulation of hepatic secretion of very low density lipoprotein by dietary cholesterol. Journal of Lipid Research, 33, 179-191.
Gallaher, C. M., Munion, J., Hesslink, R. Jr., Wise, J. and Gallaher, D. D. (2000). Cholesterol reduction by glucomannan and chitosan is mediated by changes in cholesterol absorption and bile acid and fat excretion in rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 130: 2753-2759.
Gallaher, D. D., Gallaher, C. M., Mahrt, G. J., Carr, T. P., Hollingshead, C. H., Hesslink, R. and Wise, J. (2002). A glucomannan and chitosan fiber supplement decreases plasma cholesterol and increases cholesterol excretion in overweight normocholesterolemic humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21: 428-433.
Golay, A., Zech, L., Shi, M. Z., Chiou, Y. A., Reaven, G. M. and Chen, Y. D. (1987). High density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism in noninsulin- dependent diabetes mellitus: measurement of HDL turnover using tritiated HDL. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 65: 512-518.
Gotto, A. M. (2002). Lipid management in diabetic patients: lessons from prevention trials. The American Journal of Medicine, 112: 19-26.
Han, S. H., Quon, M. J., Kim, J. A. and Koh, K. K. (2007). Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease: response to therapeutic interventions. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49: 531-538.
Havel, P. J. (2004). Regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes, 53: S143-S151.
Hayashi, K. and Ito, M. (2002). Antidiabetic action of low molecular weight chitosan in genetically obese diabetic KK-Ay mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25: 188-192.
Hosoda, K., Wang, M. F., Liao, M. L., Chuang, C. K., Iha, M., Clevidence, B. and Yamamoto, S. (2003). Antihyperglycemic effect of oolong tea in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26: 1714-1718.
Hossain, S., Rahman, A., Kabir, Y., Shams, A. A., Afros, F. and Hashimoto, M. (2007). Effects of shrimp (Macrobracium Rosenbergii) - derived chitosan on plasma lipid profile and liver lipid peroxide levels in normo- and hypercholesterolaemic rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 34: 170-176.
Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S. and Spiegelman, B. M. (1993). Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science, 259: 87-91.
Hotamisligil, G. S., Peraldi, P., Budavari, A., Ellis, R., White, M. F. and Spiegelman, B. M. (1996). IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science, 271: 665-668.
Hotta, K., Funahashi, T., Arita, Y., Takahashi, M., Matsuda, M., Okamoto, Y., Iwahashi, H., Kuriyama, H., Ouchi, N., Maeda, K., Nishida, M., Kihara, S., Sakai, N., Nakajima, T., Hasegawa, K., Muraguchi, M., Ohmoto, Y., Nakamura, T., Yamashita, S., Hanafusa, T. and Matsuzawa, Y. (2000). Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 20: 1595-1599.
Howard, B. V., Lee, E. T., Cowan, L. D., Fabsitz, R. R., Howard, W. J., Oopik, A. J., Robbins, D. C., Savage, P. J., Yeh, J. L. and Welty, T. K. (1995). Coronary heart disease prevalence and its relation to risk factors in American Indians. The strong heart study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142: 254-268.
Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G. and Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 345: 790-797.
Jennings, C. D., Boleyn, K., Bridges, S. R., Wood, P. J. and Anderson, J. W. (1988). A comparison of the lipid-lowering and intestine morphological effects of cholestyramine, chitosan, and oat gum in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 189: 13-20.
Jeon, T. I., Hwang, S. G., Park, N. G., Jung, Y. R., Shin, S. I., Choi, S. D. and Park, D. K. (2003). Antioxidative effect of chitosan on chronic carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury in rats. Toxicology, 187: 67-73.
Jing, S. B., Li, L., Ji, D., Takiguchi, Y. and Yamaguchi, T. (1997). Effect of chitosan on renal function in patients with chronic renal failure. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 49: 721-723.
Kadowaki, T., Hara, K., Yamauchi, T., Terauchi, Y., Tobe, K. and Nagai, R. (2003). Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance and obesity. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 228: 1111-1117.
Karhapaa, P., Malkki, M. and Laakso, M. (1994). Isolated low HDL cholesterol. An insulin-resistant state. Diabetes, 43: 411-417.
Katovich, M. J. and Meldrum, M. J. (1993). Effects of insulin and acarbose alone and in combination in the female streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82, 1209-1213.
Kurita, K. (2006). Chitin and chitosan: Functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. Marine Biotechnology, 8: 203-226.
Knorr, D. (1984). Use of chitinous polymers in food: A challenge for food research and development. Food Technology, 38: 85-89, 92-97.
Kondo, Y., Nakatani, A., Hayashi, K. and Ito, M. (2000). Low molecular weight chitosan prevents the progression of low dose streptozotocin-induced slowly progressive diabetes mellitus in mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 23: 1458-1464.
LeHoux, J. G. and Grondin, F. (1993). Some effects of chitosan on liver function in the rat. Endocrinology, 132, 1078-1084.
Liao, F. H., Shieh, M. J., Chang, N. C. and Chien, Y. W. (2007). Chitosan supplementation lowers serum lipids and maintains normal calcium, magnesium, and iron status in hyperlipidemic patients. Nutrition Research, 27: 146-151.
Lim, B. O., Yamada, K., Nonaka, M., Kuramoto, Y., Hung, P. and Sugano, M. (1997). Dietary fibers modulate indices of intestinal immune function in rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 127: 663-667.
Liu, J., Zhang, J. and Xia, W. (2008). Hypocholesterolaemic effects of different chitosan samples in vitro and in vivo. Food Chemistry, 107: 419-425.
Loskutoff, D. J., Ny, T., Sawdey, M. and Lawrence, D. (1986). Fibrinolytic system of cultured endothelial cells: regulation by plasminogen activator inhibitor. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 32: 273-280.
Maezaki, Y., Tsuji, K., Nakagawa, Y., Kawai, Y., Akimoto, M., Tsugita, T., Takekawa, W., Terada, A., Hara, H. and Mitsuoka, T. (1993). Hypocholesterolemic effect of chitosan in adult males. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 57: 1439-1444.
Masiello, P., Novelli, M., Fierabracci, V. and Bergamini, E. (1990). Protection by 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide against streptozotocin -induced beta-cell toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 69: 17-32.
Masiello, P., Broca, C., Gross, R., Roye, M., Manteghetti, M., Hillaire-Buys, D., Novelli, M. and Ribes, G. (1998). Experimental NIDDM: development of a new model in adult rats administered streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Diabetes, 47: 224-229.
Matsuzawa, Y., Funahashi, T. and Nakamura, T. (1999). Molecular mechanism of metabolic syndrome X: contribution of adipocytokines adipocyte-derived bioactive substances. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 892: 146-154.
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F. and Turner, R. C. (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and ��-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 28: 412-419.
Menzaghi, C., Trischitta, V. and Doria, A. (2007). Genetic influences of adiponectin on insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes, 56, 1198-1209.
Milliat, F., Gripois, D., Blouguit, M. E., Ferezou, J., Serougne, C., Fidge, N. H. and Lutton, C. (2000). Short and long-term effects of streptozotocin on dietary cholesterol absorption, plasma lipoproteins and liver lipoprotein receptors in RICO rats. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 108, 436-446.
Miura, T., Usami, M., Tsuura, Y., Ishida, H. and Seino, Y. (1995). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of chitosan in normal and neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 18: 1623-1625.
Muller, G., Ertl, J., Gerl, M. and Preibisch, G. (1997). Leptin impairs metabolic actions of insulin in isolated rat adipocytes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272: 10585-10593.
Murat, J. C. and Serfaty, A. (1974). Simple enzymatic determination of polysaccharide (glycogen) content of animal tissues. Clinical Chemistry, 20: 1576-1577.
Murata, M., Takahashi, A., Saito, I. and Kawanishi, S. (1999). Site-specific DNA methylation and apoptosis: induction by diabetogenic streptozotocin. Biochemical Pharmacology, 57: 881-887.
Muzzarelli, R. A. A., Barontini, G. and Rochetti, R. (1977). Isolation of lysozyme on chitosan. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 20: 87-94.
Muzzarelli, R. A. A. and Rocchetti, R. (1985). Determination of the degree of acetylation of chitosans by first derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Carbohydrate Polymers, 5: 461-472.
Nagayama, F., Ohshima, H. and Umezawa, K. (1972). Distribution of glucose-6-phosphate metabolizing enzyme in fish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 38: 589-593.
Nil. (1989). Chitin. Chitosan. Bio. industry., 6: 456-468.
Oki, J. C. (1995). Dyslipidemias in patients with diabetes mellitus: classification and risks and benefits of therapy. Pharmacotherapy, 15: 317-337.
Osar, Z., Samanci, T., Demirel, G. Y., Damci, T. and Ilkova, H. (2004). Nicotinamide effects oxidative burst activity of neutrophils in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Experimental diabesity research, 5: 155-162.
Ouchi, N., Kihara, S., Arita, Y., Maeda, K., Kuriyama, H., Okamoto, Y., Hotta, K., Nishida, M., Takahashi, M., Nakamura, T., Yamashita, S., Funahashi, T. and Matsuzawa, Y. (1999). Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation, 100: 2473-2476.
Ouchi, N., Kihara, S., Arita, Y., Okamoto, Y., Maeda, K., Kuriyama, H., Hotta, K., Nishida, M., Takahashi, M., Muraguchi, M., Ohmoto, Y., Nakamura, T., Yamashita, S., Funahashi, T. and Matsuzawa, Y. (1999). Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-�羠 signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation, 102: 1296-1301.
Paolisso, G., Gambardella, A., Tagliamonte, M. R., Saccomanno, F., Salvatore, T., Gualdiero, P., D’Onofrio, M. V. F. and Howard, B. V. (1996). Does free fatty acid infusion impair insulin action also through an increase in oxidative stress? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81: 4244-4248.
Reinhold, J. G., Faradji, B., Abadi, P. and Ismail-Beigi, F. (1976). Decreased absorption of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by humans due to increased fiber and phosphorus consumption of wheat bread. The Journal of Nutrition, 106: 493-503.
Rippe, C., Berger, K., Boiers, C., Ricquier, D. and Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2000). Effect of high-fat diet, surrounding temperature, and enterostatin on uncoupling protein gene expression. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 279: E293-E300.
Robertson, R. P. (2004). Chronic oxidative stress as a central mechanism for glucose toxicity in pancreatic islet beta cells in diabetes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279: 42351-42354.
Samad, F. and Loskutoff, D. J. (1996). Tissue distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese mice. Molecular Medicine, 2: 568-582.
Samad, F., Uysal, K. T., Wiesbrock, S. M., Pandey, M., Hotamisligil, G. S. and Loskutoff, D. J. (1999). Tumor necrosis factor �� is a key component in the obesity-linked elevation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96: 6902-6907.
Sarah, W., Gojka, R., Anders, G., Richard, S. and Hilary, K. (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 27: 1047-1053.
Schein, P. S., Cooney, D. A. and Vernon, M. L. (1967). The use of nicotinamide to modify the toxicity of streptozotocin diabetes without loss of antitumor activity. Cancer Research, 27: 2324-2332.
Schinner, S., Scherbaum, W. A., Bornstein, S. R. and Barthel, A. (2005). Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Diabetic Medicine, 22: 674-682.
Segersvard, R., Rippe, C., Duplantier, M., Herrington, M. K., Isaksson, B., Adrian, T. E., Erlanson-Albertsson, C. and Permert, J. (2005). mRNA for pancreatic uncoupling protein 2 increases in two models of acute experimental pancreatitis in rats and mice. Cell and Tissue Research, 320: 251-258.
Semenkovich, C. F. and Heinecke, J. W. (1997). The mystery of diabetes and atherosclerosis: time for a new plot. Diabetes, 46: 327-334.
Sessions, V. A. and Salter, A. M. (1994). The effects of different dietary fats and cholesterol on serum lipoprotein concentrations in hamsters. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1211: 207-214.
Shahidi, F., Arachchi, J. K. V. and Jeon, Y. J. (1999). Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Food Science and Technology, 10: 37-51.
Skolnik, E. Y. and Marcusohn, J. (1996). Inhibition of insulin receptor signaling by TNF: potential role in obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews, 7: 161-173.
Sobel, B. E., Woodcock-Mitchell, J., Schneider, D. J., Holt, R. E., Marutsuka, K. and Gold, H. (1998). Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in coronary artery atherectomy specimens from type 2 diabetic compared with nondiabetic patients: a potential factor predisposing to thrombosis and its persistence. Circulation, 97: 2213-2221.
Steiner, G. and Vranic, M. (1982). Hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, a vicuous cycle with atherogenic potential. International Journal of Obesity, 6: 117-124.
Stuart, J. A., Harper, J. A., Brindle, K. M., Jekabsons, M. B. and Brand, M. D. (2001). A mitochondrial uncoupling artifact can be caused by expression of uncoupling protein 1 in yeast. The Biochemical Journal, 356: 779-789.
Surwit, R. S., Wang, S., Petro, A. E., Sanchis, D., Raimbault, S., Ricguier, D. and Collins, S. (1998). Diet-induced changes in uncoupling proteins in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant strains of mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95: 4061–4065.
Szkudelski, T. (2001). The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas. Physiological Research, 50: 536-546.
Tai, T. S., Sheu, W. H., Lee, W. J., Yao, H. T. and Chiang, M. T. (2000). Effect of chitosan on plasma lipoprotein concentrations in type 2 diabetic subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes Care, 23: 1703-1704.
Takehisa, F. and Suzuki, Y. (1990). Effect of guar gum and cholestyramine on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol in rats. Journal of Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science, 43: 269-274.
Uchiyama, M. and Mihara, M. (1978). Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissue by thiobarbituric acid test. Analytical Biochemistry, 86: 271-278.
Varum, K. M., Ottoy, M. H. and Smidsrod, O. (2001). Acid hydrolysis of chitosans. Carbohydrate Polymers, 46: 89-98.
Vaughan, D. E. (2005). PAI-1 and atherothrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 3: 1879-1883.
Walder, K., Filippis, A., Clark, S., Zimmet, P. and Collier, G. R. (1997). Leptin inhibits insulin binding in isolated rat adipocytes. Journal of Endocrinology, 155: R5-R7.
Wang, W., Bo, S. Q., Li, S. Q. and Qin, W. (1991a). Determination of the Mark-Houwink equation for chitosans with different degrees of deacetylation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 13: 281-285.
Wang, W., Qin, W. and Bo, S. (1991b). Influence of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan on its Mark-Houwink equation parameters. Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications, 12: 559-561.
World Health Organization (2006). Data and statistics, diabetes, definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. Retrieved June 17, 2009 from http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/index.html.
World Health Organization (2008). Health topics, diabetes, fact sheet: diabetes. Retrieved June 17, 2009 from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html.
Wright, R. S., Anderson, J. W. and Bridges, S. R. (1990). Propionate inhibits hepatocyte lipid synthesis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 195, 26-29.
Yagi, K., Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. and Yamashita, M. (1981). Lesion of aortic intima caused by intravenous administration of linoleic acid hydroperoxide. Journal of Applied Biochemistry, 3: 58-64.
Yang, C. Y., Oh, T. W., Nakajima, D., Maeda, A., Naka, T., Kim, C. S., Iqawa, S. and Ohta, F. (2002). Effects of habitual chitosan intake on bone mass, bone-related metabolic markers and duodenum CaBP D9K mRNA in ovariectomized SHRSP rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 48: 371-378.
Yang, F., Hu, J., Li, J., Wu, X. and Qian, Y. (2009). Chitosan enhances leaf membrane stability and antioxidant enzyme activities in apple seedlings under drought stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 58: 131-136.
Yao, H. T. and Chiang, M. T. (2002). Plasma lipoprotein cholesterol in rats fed a diet enriched in chitosan and cholesterol. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 48, 379-383.
Yao, H. T. and Chiang, M. T. (2006). Effect of chitosan on plasma lipids, hepatic lipids, and fecal bile acid in hamsters. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 14: 183-189.
Yao, H. T., Huang, S. Y. and Chiang, M. T. (2006). Effect of chitosan on plasma cholesterol and glucose concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, 44: 122-132.
Yao, H. T., Huang, S. Y. and Chiang, M. T. (2008). A comparative study on hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of high and low molecular weight chitosan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 1525-1534.
Yu, A. S. and Keeffe, E. B. (2002). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders, 2: 11-19.
Zhang, H. and Neau, S. H. (2001). In vitro degradation of chitosan by a commercial enzyme preparation: effect of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Biomaterials, 1653-1658.