甜葉菊(Stevia rebaudiana)，又稱為甜菊，含有7種以上的甜菊醣苷(Steviol glycosides, SG)，主要甜菊醣苷有甜菊苷(Stevioside, Stv)、紅蔘皂苷(Rubusoside, R)、甜菊醇二苷(Steviolbioside, Stb)、杜克苷A (Dulcoside A, DuA)、瑞鮑迪苷A (Rebaudioside A, RA)、瑞鮑迪苷B (Rebaudioside B, RB)、瑞鮑迪苷C (Rebaudioside C, RC)。甜菊含有Stv和RA，使其甜度相當於蔗糖的250-300倍。SG是一種安全性高且穩定性良好的新型天然甜味劑，具有多種功能特性，例如抗高血糖和抗高血壓，因此被廣泛應用於食品、飲料和藥物中，作為蔗糖的替代品。本研究以一般加熱水萃取甜菊葉中的SG，利用不同固液比、萃取溫度和時間求出其最適條件後，進行環保綠色萃取法如超音波和微波輔助萃取法及氣爆膨發和凍融循環預處理，以增加萃取效果。結果顯示，熱水萃取之甜菊醣苷經過純化後的HPLC圖譜的波峰沒辦法對到標準品。一般加熱水萃取之最佳萃取條件為固液比1:20 g:mL、萃取溫度50 ºC及萃取時間60 min。經膨發後之最佳條件為EP2，可以萃取212.17 mg/g的RA。經一次冷凍解凍後可以提高RA含量至286.52 mg/g並高於一般加熱水萃取30 min。經20 kHz的超音波輔助處理可以有效的縮短萃取時間至30 min，其RA含量提升至250.45 mg/g。最後，經微波輔助萃取40 s後可以萃取最高RA，其含量為297.97 mg/g。經過這些物理性處理作用後，植物細胞表面破裂並形成多孔化之結構，促進化合物擴散到溶劑使萃取率提高。總結以上，使用冷凍解凍預處理可以提高萃取率；另外超音波、微波萃取也可以有效的縮短萃取時間，使萃取率高於一般加熱水萃取或相近。

Stevia rebaudiana, also known as sweet leaf, contains more than seven types of steviol glycosides, the main steviol glycosides are stevioside (Stv), rubusoside (R), steviolbioside (Stb), Dulcoside A (DuA), Rebaudioside A (RA), Rebaudioside B (RB), and Rebaudioside C (RC). Stevia contains both Stv and RA, which make it 250-300 times sweeter than glucose. Steviol glycosides are new natural sweetener with high safety and good stability, and has various functional properties, such as anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypertensive, so it is widely used as a sugar substitute in food, beverage, and medicine. This study uses conventional hot water extraction to extract SG from stevia leaves and investigate the optimum extraction conditions by using different solid-liquid ratios, extraction temperature and extraction time. It is then combined with environmentally friendly green extraction methods such as ultrasonic-assisted, microwave-assisted extraction, explosive puffing and freeze-thaw pretreatment were carried out to increase the extraction efficiency. The results showed that the HPLC graph of the steviol glycosides obtained after conventional hot water extraction and purification could not be aligned with the peak of steviol glycoside standards. The best extraction conditions for conventional hot water extraction were solid-liquid ratio 1:20 g:mL, extraction temperature 50 ºC and extraction time 60 min. The explosive puffed stevia leaves with water content twice to that of sample (EP2) can extract 212.17 mg/g RA from the stevia leaves. The concentration of RA can be increased to 286.52 mg/g after undergoing one freeze-thaw cycles. Using 20 kHz ultrasound-assisted treatment can effectively shortened the extraction time to 30 min, and the concentration of RA increased to 250.45 mg/g. Lastly, the highest RA concentration could be extracted after undergoing microwave-assisted extraction for 40 s, and its concentration was 297.97 mg/g. After undergoing these physical treatments, the surface membrane of plant cells breaks, ruptures, and forms a porous structure, which promotes the diffusion of compounds into the solvent and improves the extraction rate. To sum up the above, the pretreatment of freeze-thaw cycle can increase extraction rate, while the use of ultrasonic and microwave extraction can effectively shorten the extraction time and has higher extraction rate than the general heating water extraction.

目錄

摘要 ii
Abstract i
目錄 ii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章、前言 1
第二章、文獻回顧 3
2.1. 甜菊簡介 3
2.1.1. 甜菊植物 3
2.1.2. 甜菊之發展 3
2.1.3. 甜菊組成分 4
2.2. 甜菊醣苷 4
2.2.1. 甜菊醣苷的結構 4
2.2.2. 甜菊醣苷之特性及應用 5
2.3. 多孔化預處理 6
2.3.1. 氣爆膨發 6
2.3.2. 冷凍解凍循環法 6
2.4. 甜菊醣苷之萃取法 6
2.4.1. 傳統熱水萃取 6
2.4.2. 微波萃取 7
2.4.3. 超音波萃取 8
第三章、實驗架構 12
第四章、實驗材料 13
4.1. 實驗原料 13
4.2. 實驗藥品 13
4.3. 實驗器材 14
第五章、實驗方法 16
5.1. 原料之前處理 16
5.2. 純化 16
5.2.1 純化萃取液之方法 16
5.2.2 純化萃取液經過不同處理方法 16
5.2.2.1 溶於不同溶劑 16
5.2.2.2 在不同溫度和時間溶解 16
5.3. 甜菊萃取 16
5.3.1. 傳統熱水萃取 16
5.3.1.1 篩選萃取條件 17
5.3.2. 超音波萃取 17
5.3.3. 微波萃取 17
5.3.4. 甜菊醣苷之萃取率 17
5.4. 多孔化預處理 18
5.4.1. 氣爆膨發法 18
5.4.2. 冷凍解凍循環法 18
5.5. 甜菊分析 18
5.5.1. 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM) 18
5.5.2. 色差分析 19
5.6. 甜菊醣苷濃度之測定 19
5.6.1. HPLC的應用 19
5.6.2. 移動相之配製 19
5.6.3. HPLC 方法 20
5.6.4. 甜菊醣苷濃度的測定 20
5.6.5. 凍乾萃取物的甜菊醣苷濃度 20
5.6.6. 甜菊葉RA和Stv的濃度 20
5.6.7. 甜菊葉的總甜菊醣苷濃度 21
5.7. 統計分析 21
第六章、結果與討論 22
6.1. 甜菊醣苷分析方法 22
6.1.1. HPLC 方法 22
6.1.2. 純化萃取液 22
6.1.3. 未純化和純化後的萃取液對HPLC圖譜之影響 22
6.1.4. 甜菊醣苷粉溶於不同溶劑 23
6.1.5. 甜菊醣苷粉溶於不同溫度 23
6.1.6. 甜菊醣苷新分析方法 23
6.2. 甜菊粉水萃取之最佳條件 24
6.2.1. 不同萃取溫度 24
6.2.2. 不同萃取時間 24
6.2.3. 不同萃取固液比 25
6.3. 甜菊粉多孔化之預處理 25
6.3.1. 氣爆膨發 25
6.3.1.1. 顔色變化 25
6.3.1.2. 微觀結構(SEM)分析 25
6.3.1.3. 產率及萃取率 26
6.3.2. 冷凍解凍循環 26
6.3.2.1. 微觀結構(SEM)分析 26
6.3.2.2. 產率及萃取率 27
6.4. 不同萃取方法 27
6.4.1. 微波萃取 27
6.4.1.1 微觀結構(SEM)分析 27
6.4.1.2 產率及萃取率 27
6.4.2. 超音波萃取 28
6.4.2.1. 微觀結構(SEM)分析 28
6.4.2.2. 產率及萃取率 28
第七章、 結論 29
第八章、參考文獻 30
第九章、圖 37
第十章、表 57

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