臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著人口老齡化及糖尿病和肥胖症發病率的上升，慢性傷口的患病率繼續增加將造成醫療系統巨大的負擔。傳統的傷口敷料在更換時會對新形成的表皮造成損害，無法維持理想的組織修復條件，如保持適當濕度、抗菌、促進傷口修復。因此開發具有高生物相容性及促進傷口癒合的材料尤為重要。本研究開發一新型傷口敷料，以幾丁質(chitin, C)作為主材料製備的多孔性支架，結合裝載黃連素的 β-葡聚醣顆粒(glucan particle, GP)，並探討其物化特性。以氣爆膨發處理原料酵母，再利用酸鹼溶劑處理，形成GP並裝載黃連素(berberine, BBR)。將幾丁質溶解於氫氧化鈉/尿素溶劑中，並在高溫下使幾丁質去乙醯化形成凝膠，將其冷凍乾燥後得到的支架吸附BBR@GP。在熱凝膠的過程中發現幾丁質的去乙醯度從原本的22.70±0.02%上升到52.90 ~ 64.58%。經過氣爆膨發的酵母所製成的GP大小從原本的4.33±0.54 μm增加到4.64±0.44 ~ 5.34±0.60 μm，且BBR的裝載量也增加2~4 倍。在釋放試驗中，BBR@GP在12小時釋放達到平緩，在GP上包覆一層幾丁聚醣/海藻酸鈉或幾丁聚醣/褐藻醣膠後可以減緩BBR釋放。由上述結果，推測氣爆膨發可增加GP對於藥物的裝載量，後續可經由細胞實驗及動物實驗驗證GP對於標靶及去乙醯化幾丁質支架應用於傷口修復的效果。

With an aging population and rising rates of diabetes and obesity, the continued increase in the prevalence of chronic wounds will place a heavy burden on the healthcare system. Traditional wound dressings cause damage to the newly formed epidermis when dressing changes. It cannot maintain ideal tissue repair conditions, such as maintaining proper humidity, antibacterial, and promoting wound repair. Therefore, it is critical developing materials with biocompatibility and promotes wound healing. This study develops a new type of wound dressing, a porous scaffold made of chitin (C) combined with berberine-loaded β-glucan particles (GP), and explores its physical and chemical properties. The yeast treats with explosive puffing and then treated with an acid-base solvent to form GP and load berberine (BBR). Chitin was dissolved in sodium hydroxide/urea solvent and deacetylated at high temperature to form a gel, then lyophilized to obtain a scaffold to adsorb BBR@GP. During the gelation process, the deacetylation degree of chitin increased from 22.70±0.02% to 52.90 ~ 64.58%. The size of GP produced by puffing yeast increased from 4.33±0.54 μm to 4.64±0.44 ~ 5.34±0.60 μm and the loading content of BBR also increased by 2 ~ 4 times. In the release test, the release of ratios BBR@GP reached a flat level after 12 hours. The release ratios of BBR slowed down by coating a layer of chitosan/alginate or chitosan/fucoidan on GP. From the above results, explosive puffing can increase the loading capacity of GP. In the future, cell and animal experiments can testify to the effect of GP on the target and deacetylated chitin scaffolds for wound repair.

摘要 I
目錄 III
圖次 VI
表次 VII
附圖次 VIII
一、前言 1
二、文獻回顧 3
2.1. 傷口修復 3
2.1.1. 發炎 3
2.1.2. 增殖 3
2.1.3. 重塑 3
2.2. 傷口敷料 3
2.2.1. 傳統敷料 3
2.2.2. 現代敷料 4
2.3. 支架(scaffold) 4
2.4. 幾丁質(Chitin) 4
2.4.1. 結構 4
2.4.2. 製備 5
2.4.3. 溶解性 5
2.4.4. 特性與應用 5
2.4.5. 幾丁質水凝膠 5
2.5. β-葡聚醣(β-glucan) 6
2.5.1. 穀物來源 6
2.5.2. 非穀物來源 6
2.5.3. 酵母β-葡聚醣 6
2.5.4. 生理活性及應用 7
2.6. Dectin-1 7
2.7. 巨噬細胞對傷口修復的影響 7
2.8. 黃連素(Berberine) 8
三、實驗材料 9
3.1. 實驗材料及藥品 9
3.2. 儀器設備 9
四、實驗架構 11
五、實驗方法 12
5.1. 樣品製備 13
5.1.1. β-幾丁質製備 13
5.1.2. 幾丁質支架與幾丁質/明膠支架製備 13
5.1.3. β-葡聚醣顆粒製備 13
5.1.4. 膨發β-葡聚醣顆粒製備 13
5.2. 基本性質分析 14
5.2.1.分子量測定 14
5.2.2. FTIR化學結構分析 14
5.2.3.去乙醯度分析 14
5.2.4. 膨潤度測試 15
5.2.5. 壓縮機械性質測量 15
5.2.6. TEM 15
5.2.7. SEM 15
5.2.8. BBR包覆率分析 15
5.2.9. BBR裝載量分析 15
5.2.10. 藥物釋放性質分析 16
六、結果與討論 17
6.1. 幾丁質支架 17
6.1.1. 外觀觀察 17
6.1.2. SEM觀察 17
6.1.3. FTIR結果分析 17
6.1.4. 壓縮機械性質分析 18
6.1.5. 膨潤性質分析 18
6.2. 葡聚醣中空顆粒 18
6.2.1. TEM及SEM觀察 18
6.2.2. 粒徑分析 19
6.2.3. FTIR結果分析 19
6.2.4. 藥物裝載量分析 19
6.2.5. 體外藥物釋放性質分析 20
6.3. 複合支架 21
6.3.1. SEM觀察 21
6.3.2. 壓縮機械性質分析 21
6.3.3. 膨潤性質分析 21
6.3.4. 體外藥物釋放性質分析 21
七、結論 22
八、參考文獻 23
九、表 34
十、圖 39
十一、附圖 61

王儀茹，2019，幾丁質及其複合支架之製備與特性，國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文，基隆，臺灣
高辰綱，2021，兼具抗菌及骨組織工程之幾丁聚醣複合支架，國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文，基隆，臺灣
張富勝，2015，建立幾丁質的節能和環境友善生產方法與其產物之特性，國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文，基隆，臺灣
Afewerki, S., Sheikhi, A., Kannan, S., Ahadian, S., & Khademhosseini, A. (2018). Gelatin-polysaccharide composite scaffolds for 3D cell culture and tissue engineering: Towards natural therapeutics. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, 4(1), 96–115.
Ahmed, S., & Ikram, S. (2016). Chitosan based scaffolds and their applications in wound healing. Achievements in the Life Sciences, 10(1), 27-37.
Anjos, O., Martínez Comesaña, M., Caldeira, I., Pedro, S. I., Eguía Oller, P., & Canas, S. (2020). Application of functional data analysis and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy to discriminate wine spirits ageing technologies. Mathematics, 8(6), 896.
Aung, K. P., Win, D. S. Z., & Thu, D. S. L. (2018). Study on chitin extraction from crab shells waste. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science, 7, 437-441.
Autissier, A., Le Visage, C., Pouzet, C., Chaubet, F., & Letourneur, D. (2010). Fabrication of porous polysaccharide-based scaffolds using a combined freeze-drying/cross-linking process. Acta Biomaterialia, 6(9), 3640-3648.
Azuma, K., Ifuku, S., Osaki, T., Okamoto, Y., & Minami, S. (2014). Preparation and biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan nanofibers. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 10(10), 2891-2920.
Azuma, K., Izumi, R., Osaki, T., Ifuku, S., Morimoto, M., Saimoto, H., Minami, S., & Okamoto, Y. (2015). Chitin, chitosan, and its derivatives for wound healing: old and new materials. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 6(1), 104–142.
Batbayar, S., Lee, D. H., & Kim, H. W. (2012). Immunomodulation of fungal β-glucan in host defense signaling by dectin-1. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 20(5), 433
Battu, S. K., Repka, M. A., Maddineni, S., Chittiboyina, A. G., Avery, M. A., & Majumdar, S. (2010). Physicochemical characterization of berberine chloride: a perspective in the development of a solution dosage form for oral delivery. AAPS Pharmscitech, 11, 1466-1475.
Bennison, L. R., Miller, C. N., Summers, R. J., Minnis, A. M. B., Sussman, G., & McGuiness, W. (2017). The pH of wounds during healing and infection: a descriptive literature review. Wound Practice & Research: Journal of the Australian Wound Management Association, 25(2), 63-69.
Bharadwaz, A., & Jayasuriya, A. C. (2020). Recent trends in the application of widely used natural and synthetic polymer nanocomposites in bone tissue regeneration. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 110, 110698.
Brown, G. D., Herre, J., Williams, D. L., Willment, J. A., Marshall, A. S., & Gordon, S. (2003). Dectin-1 mediates the biological effects of β-glucans. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 197(9), 1119-1124.
Brown, G. D., Taylor, P. R., Reid, D. M., Willment, J. A., Williams, D. L., Martinez-Pomares, L., Wong, S. Y., & Gordon, S. (2002). Dectin-1 is a major β-glucan receptor on macrophages. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 196(3), 407-412.
Brown, G.D., & Gordon, S. (2001). Immune recognition: a new receptor for beta-glucans. Nature 413, 36–37.
Camilli, G., Eren, E., Williams, D. L., Aimanianda, V., Meunier, E., & Quintin, J. (2018). Impaired phagocytosis directs human monocyte activation in response to fungal derived β‐glucan particles. European Journal of Immunology, 48(5), 757-770.
Chang, C., Chen, S., & Zhang, L. (2011). Novel hydrogels prepared via direct dissolution of chitin at low temperature: structure and biocompatibility. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(11), 3865-3871.
Chen, S., Wang, H., Su, Y., John, J. V., McCarthy, A., Wong, S. L., & Xie, J. (2020). Mesenchymal stem cell-laden, personalized 3D scaffolds with controlled structure and fiber alignment promote diabetic wound healing. Acta Biomaterialia, 108, 153-167
Chen, Q., Luo, R., Han, X., Zhang, J., He, Y., Qi, S., Pu, X., Nie, W., Dong, L., Xu, H., Liu, F., Lin, M., Zhong, H., Fu, C., & Gao, F. (2021). Entrapment of Macrophage-Target Nanoparticles by Yeast Microparticles for Rhein Delivery in Ulcerative Colitis Treatment. Biomacromolecules, 22(6), 2754–2767.
Chiffoleau, E. (2018). C-type lectin-like receptors as emerging orchestrators of sterile inflammation represent potential therapeutic targets. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 227.
Coyne, J., Zhao, N., Olubode, A., Menon, M., & Wang, Y. (2020). Development of hydrogel-like biomaterials via nanoparticle assembly and solid-hydrogel transformation. Journal of Controlled Release, 318, 185-196.
De Marco Castro, E., Calder, P. C., & Roche, H. M. (2021). β-1,3/1,6-glucans and immunity: state of the art and future directions. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 65(1), e1901071.
de Queiroz Antonino, R., Lia Fook, B., de Oliveira Lima, V., de Farias Rached, R., Lima, E., da Silva Lima, R., Peniche Covas, C., & Lia Fook, M. (2017). Preparation and characterization of chitosan obtained from shells of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone). Marine Drugs, 15(5), 141. .
Du, B., Meenu, M., Liu, H., & Xu, B. (2019). A concise review on the molecular structure and function relationship of β-glucan. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(16), 4032
Ehteshamfar, S. M., Akhbari, M., Afshari, J. T., Seyedi, M., Nikfar, B., Shapouri-Moghaddam, A., Ghanbarzadeh, E., & Momtazi-Borojeni, A. A. (2020). Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory impacts of berberine on activation of autoreactive T cells in autoimmune inflammation. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 24(23), 13573–13588.
Farahani, M., & Shafiee, A. (2021). Wound healing: From passive to smart dressings. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10(16), 2100477.
Fatahian, A., Haftcheshmeh, S. M., Azhdari, S., Farshchi, H. K., Nikfar, B., & Momtazi-Borojeni, A. A. (2020). Promising Anti-atherosclerotic Effect of Berberine: Evidence from In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 178, 83–110.
Feng, X., Xie, Q., Xu, H., Zhang, T., Li, X., Tian, Y., Lan, H., Kong, L., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Yeast microcapsule mediated natural products delivery for treating ulcerative colitis through anti-inflammatory and regulation of macrophage polarization. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14(27), 31085-31098.
Food and Drug Administration, HHS. (2002). Food labeling: health claims; soluble dietary fiber from certain foods and coronary heart disease. Interim final rule. Federal Register, 67(191), 61773-61783.
Fu, D. W., Fu, J. J., Li, J. J., Tang, Y., Shao, Z. W., Zhou, D. Y., & Song, L. (2022). Efficient encapsulation of curcumin into spent brewer's yeast using a pH-driven method. Food Chemistry, 394, 133537.
Gantner, B. N., Simmons, R. M., Canavera, S. J., Akira, S., & Underhill, D. M. (2003). Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 197(9), 1107-1117.
Ghorbanian, L., Emadi, R., Razavi, S. M., Shin, H., & Teimouri, A. (2013). Fabrication and characterization of novel diopside/silk fibroin nanocomposite scaffolds for potential application in maxillofacial bone regeneration. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 58, 275-280.
Haftcheshmeh, S. M., Abedi, M., Mashayekhi, K., Mousavi, M. J., Navashenaq, J. G., Mohammadi, A., & Momtazi‐Borojeni, A. A. (2022). Berberine as a natural modulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in the immune system: Focus on NF‐κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK signaling pathways. Phytotherapy Research, 36(3), 1216-1230.
Hamed, I., Özogul, F., & Regenstein, J. M. (2016). Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 48, 40-50.
Hassan, N., Ahmad, T., Zain, N. M., & Awang, S. R. (2021). Identification of bovine, porcine and fish gelatin signatures using chemometrics fuzzy graph method. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-10.
Heng, M. C. (2011). Wound healing in adult skin: aiming for perfect regeneration. International Journal of Dermatology, 50(9), 1058-1066.
Herre, J., Gordon, S., & Brown, G. D. (2004a). Dectin-1 and its role in the recognition of β-glucans by macrophages. Molecular Immunology, 40(12), 869-876.
Herre, J., Marshall, A. S., Caron, E., Edwards, A. D., Williams, D. L., Schweighoffer, E., Tybulewicz, V., Sousa, C. R., Gordon, S., & Brown, G. D. (2004b). Dectin-1 uses novel mechanisms for yeast phagocytosis in macrophages. Blood, 104(13), 4038-4045.
Hoke, K., Houška, M., Průchová, J., Gabrovská, D., Vaculová, K., & Paulíčková, I. (2007). Optimisation of puffing naked barley. Journal of Food Engineering, 80(4), 1016-1022.
Homayouni, A., Ehsani, M. R., Azizi, A., Yarmand, M. S., & Razavi, H. (2007). Effect of lecithin and calcium chloride solution on the microencapsulation process yield of calcium alginate beads. Iranian Polymer Journal, 16(9), 597-606.
Hsu, X. L., Wu, L. C., Hsieh, J. Y., & Huang, Y. Y. (2021). Nanoparticle-hydrogel composite drug delivery system for potential ocular applications. Polymers, 13(4), 642.
Hu, P. P. (2017). Recent advances in aptamers targeting immune system. Inflammation, 40(1), 295–302.
Hu, X., Du, Y., Tang, Y., Wang, Q., Feng, T., Yang, J., & Kennedy, J. F. (2007). Solubility and property of chitin in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. Carbohydrate Polymers, 70(4), 451-458.
Imenshahidi, M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2019). Berberine and barberry (Berberis vulgaris): a clinical review. Phytotherapy Research, 33(3), 504-523.
Islam, S., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Islam, M. N. (2017). Chitin and chitosan: structure, properties and applications in biomedical engineering. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 25(3), 854-866.
Jang, M. K., Kong, B. G., Jeong, Y. I., Lee, C. H., & Nah, J. W. (2004). Physicochemical characterization of α‐chitin, β‐chitin, and γ‐chitin separated from natural resources. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 42(14), 3423-3432.
Kang, H. K., Seo, C. H., & Park, Y. (2015). The effects of marine carbohydrates and glycosylated compounds on human health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(3), 6018-6056.
Karuppuswamy, P., Venugopal, J. R., Navaneethan, B., Laiva, A. L., Sridhar, S., & Ramakrishna, S. (2014). Functionalized hybrid nanofibers to mimic native ECM for tissue engineering applications. Applied Surface Science, 322, 162-168.
Kavetsou, E., Koutsoukos, S., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M. G., Karagiannis, D., Perdikis, D. C., & Detsi, A. (2019). Encapsulation of Mentha pulegium essential oil in yeast cell microcarriers: an approach to environmentally friendly pesticides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(17), 4746-4753.
Kerckhoffs, D. A., Hornstra, G., & Mensink, R. P. (2003). Cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan from oat bran in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects may decrease when β-glucan is incorporated into bread and cookies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(2), 221-227.
Kim, M., Kim, T. W., Kim, C. J., Shin, M. S., Hong, M., Park, H. S., & Park, S. S. (2019). Berberine Ameliorates Brain Inflammation in Poloxamer 407-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats. International Neurourology Journal, 23(Suppl 2), S102–S110.
Kimna, C., Tamburaci, S., & Tihminlioglu, F. (2019). Novel zein‐based multilayer wound dressing membranes with controlled release of gentamicin. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 107(6), 2057-2070.
Lee, K. Y. (2019). M1 and M2 polarization of macrophages : a mini-review. Medical Biological Science and Engineering, 2(1), 1–5.
Lee, K., Kwon, Y., Hwang, J., Choi, Y., Kim, K., Koo, H. J., Seo, Y., Jeon, H., & Choi, J. (2019). Synthesis and functionalization of β-glucan particles for the effective delivery of doxorubicin molecules. ACS Omega, 4, 668–674.
Lee, S. B., Kim, Y. H., Chong, M. S., & Lee, Y. M. (2004). Preparation and characteristics of hybrid scaffolds composed of β-chitin and collagen. Biomaterials, 25(12), 2309-2317.
Lee, S. B., Jeon, H.W., Lee, Y. W., Cho, S. K., Lee, Y. M., Song, K. W., Park, M.H., & Hong, S. H. (2003). Artificial dermis composed of gelatin, hyaluronic acid and (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucan. Macromolecular Research. 11, 368–374.
Li, B., Allendorf, D. J., Hansen, R., Marroquin, J., Ding, C., Cramer, D. E., & Yan, J. (2006). Yeast beta-glucan amplifies phagocyte killing of iC3b-opsonized tumor cells via complement receptor 3-Syk-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 177(3), 1661–1669.
Li, J., Wu, Y., & Zhao, L. (2016). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of chitosan with ultra high molecular weight. Carbohydrate polymers, 148, 200-205.
Liao, J., Hou, B., & Huang, H. (2022). Preparation, properties and drug controlled release of chitin-based hydrogels: An updated review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 119177.
Lisitsyn, A., Semenova, A., Nasonova, V., Polishchuk, E., Revutskaya, N., Kozyrev, I., & Kotenkova, E. (2021). Approaches in animal proteins and natural polysaccharides application for food packaging: Edible film production and quality estimation. Polymers, 13(10), 1592.
Liu, M., Luo, F., Ding, C., Albeituni, S., Hu, X., Ma, Y., Cai, Y., McNally, L., Sanders, M. A., Jain, D., Kloecker, G., Bousamra, M. II, Zhang, H. G., Higashi, R. M., Lane, A. N., Fan, T. W., & Yan, J. (2015). Dectin-1 activation by a natural product β-glucan converts immunosuppressive macrophages into an M1-like phenotype. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 195(10), 5055–5065.
Liu, M., Zheng, H., Chen, J., Li, S., Huang, J., & Zhou, C. (2016). Chitosan-chitin nanocrystal composite scaffolds for tissue engineering. Carbohydrate Polymers, 152, 832-840.
Loi, F., Córdova, L. A., Zhang, R., Pajarinen, J., Lin, T. H., Goodman, S. B., & Yao, Z. (2016). The effects of immunomodulation by macrophage subsets on osteogenesis in vitro. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 7(1), 1-11.
Lu, H. T., Lin, C., Wang, Y. J., Hsu, F. Y., Hsu, J. T., Tsai, M. L., & Mi, F. L. (2023). Sequential deacetylation/self-gelling chitin hydrogels and scaffolds functionalized with fucoidan for enhanced BMP-2 loading and sustained release. Carbohydrate Polymers, 315, 121002.
Majtan, J., & Jesenak, M. (2018). β-glucans: Multi-Functional Modulator of Wound Healing. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(4), 806.
Mao, J. S., Zhao, L. G., Yin, Y. J., & De Yao, K. (2003). Structure and properties of bilayer chitosan–gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials, 24(6), 1067-1074.
Maxson, S., Lopez, E. A., Yoo, D., Danilkovitch-Miagkova, A., & LeRoux, M. A. (2012). Concise review: role of mesenchymal stem cells in wound repair. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 1(2), 142-149.
Medeiros, S. D., Cordeiro, S. L., Cavalcanti, J. E., Melchuna, K. M., Lima, A. M., Filho, I. A., Medeiros, A. C., Rocha, K. B., Oliveira, E. M., Faria, E. D., Sassaki, G. L., Rocha, H. A., & Sales, V. S. (2012). Effects of purified Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1→3)-β-glucan on venous ulcer healing. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(7), 8142–8158.
Medeiros, F. G. M., Correia, R. T. P., Dupont, S., Beney, L., & Pedrini, M. R. S. (2018). Curcumin and fisetin internalization into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells via osmoporation: impact of multiple osmotic treatments on the process efficiency. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 67(4), 363–369.
Mincea, M., Negrulescu, A., & Ostafe, V. (2012). Preparation, modification, and applications of chitin nanowhiskers: a review. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 30(3), 225-242.
Mohammadi, A., Blesso, C. N., Barreto, G. E., Banach, M., Majeed, M., & Sahebkar, A. (2019). Macrophage plasticity, polarization and function in response to curcumin, a diet-derived polyphenol, as an immunomodulatory agent. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 66, 1-16.
Murphy, E. J., Rezoagli, E., Major, I., Rowan, N., & Laffey, J. G. (2021). β-glucans. Encyclopedia, 1(3), 831-847.
Nakashima, A., Yamada, K., Iwata, O., Sugimoto, R., Atsuji, K., Ogawa, T., Ishibashi-Ohgo, N., & Suzuki, K. (2018). β-glucan in foods and its physiological functions. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 64(1), 8–17
Nandagiri, V. K., Gentile, P., Chiono, V., Tonda-Turo, C., Matsiko, A., Ramtoola, Z., Montevecchi, F. M., & Ciardelli, G. (2011). Incorporation of PLGA nanoparticles into porous chitosan-gelatin scaffolds: influence on the physical properties and cell behavior. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 4(7), 1318–1327.
Nicolosi, R., Bell, S. J., Bistrian, B. R., Greenberg, I., Forse, R. A., & Blackburn, G. L. (1999). Plasma lipid changes after supplementation with β-glucan fiber from yeast. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(2), 208-212.
Orgul, D., Eroglu, H., & Hekimoglu, S. (2017). Formulation and characterization of tissue scaffolds containing simvastatin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for treatment of diabetic wounds. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 41, 280-292.
Pan, Y., Li, X., Kang, T., Meng, H., Chen, Z., Yang, L., Wu, Y., Wei, Y., & Gou, M. (2015). Efficient delivery of antigen to DCs using yeast-derived microparticles. Scientific Reports, 5, 10687.
Pankongadisak, P., Ruktanonchai, U. R., Supaphol, P., & Suwantong, O. (2017). Gelatin scaffolds functionalized by silver nanoparticle‐containing calcium alginate beads for wound care applications. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 28(7), 849-858.
Paris, S., Chapat, L., Pasin, M., Lambiel, M., Sharrock, T. E., Shukla, R., Sigoillot-Claude, C., Bonnet, J. M., Poulet, H., Freyburger, L., & De Luca, K. (2020). β-glucan-induced trained immunity in dogs. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 566893.
Pashaee, M., Shiravi, A., & Hojati, V. (2016). The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Berberis vulgaris on wound healing of diabetic wistar rats. Journal of Chemical Health Risks 6(4) 319–325.
Patel, D. K., Dutta, S. D., Hexiu, J., Ganguly, K., & Lim, K. T. (2022). 3D-printable chitosan/silk fibroin/cellulose nanoparticle scaffolds for bone regeneration via M2 macrophage polarization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 281, 119077.
Petit, J., & Wiegertjes, G. F. (2016). Long-lived effects of administering β-glucans: Indications for trained immunity in fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 64, 93–102
Pires, C. T., Vilela, J. A., & Airoldi, C. (2014). The effect of chitin alkaline deacetylation at different condition on particle properties. Procedia Chemistry, 9, 220-225.
Queen, D., Gaylor, J. D., Evans, J. H., Courtney, J. M., & Reid, W. H. (1987). The preclinical evaluation of the water vapour transmission rate through burn wound dressings. Biomaterials. 8, 367-371.
Rajarajaran, A., & Dakshanamoorthy, A. (2020). Beta-Glucans: A biomimetic approach for reducing chronicity in delayed wound healing. Journal of Dermatology and Skin Science, 2(3).
Rinaudo, M. (2006). Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 31(7), 603-632.
Rodrigues, A. P., Saraiva Sanchez, E. M., da Costa, A. C., & Moraes, Â. M. (2008). The influence of preparation conditions on the characteristics of chitosan‐alginate dressings for skin lesions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 109(4), 2703-2710.
Rotrekl, D., Devriendt, B., Cox, E., Kavanová, L., Faldyna, M., Šalamúnová, P., Baďo, Sajjad Z., Prokopec, V., Štěpánek, F., Hanuš, J., & Hošek, J. (2020). Glucan particles as suitable carriers for the natural anti-inflammatory compounds curcumin and dilpacone - Evaluation in an ex vivo model. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 582, 119318.
Ryan, E. J., Ryan, A. J., González-Vázquez, A., Philippart, A., Ciraldo, F. E., Hobbs, C., Nicolosi, V., Boccaccini, A. R., Kearney, C. J. & O'Brien, F. J. (2019). Collagen scaffolds functionalised with copper-eluting bioactive glass reduce infection and enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials, 197, 405-416.
Sajjad, W., He, F., Ullah, M. W., Ikram, M., Shah, S. M., Khan, R., Khan, T., Khalid, A., Yang, G., & Wahid, F. (2020). Fabrication of bacterial cellulose-curcumin nanocomposite as a novel dressing for partial thickness skin burn. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 553037.
Sakthivel, D., Vijayakumar, N., & Anandan, V. (2015). Extraction of chitin and chitosan from Mangrove crab (Sesarma Plicatum) from Thengaithittu estuary Pondicherry Southeast coast of India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(1), 12-24.
Salari, R., Rajabi, O., Khashyarmanesh, Z., Fathi Najafi, M., & Fazly Bazzaz, B. S. (2015). Characterization of encapsulated berberine in yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 14(4), 1247–1256.
Saloň, I., Hanuš, J., Ulbrich, P., & Štěpánek, F. (2016). Suspension stability and diffusion properties of yeast glucan microparticles. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 99, 128-135.
Samadian, H., Zamiri, S., Ehterami, A., Farzamfar, S., Vaez, A., Khastar, H., Alam, M., Ai, A., Derakhshankhah, H., Allahyari, Z., Goodarzi, A., & Salehi, M. (2020). Electrospun cellulose acetate/gelatin nanofibrous wound dressing containing berberine for diabetic foot ulcer healing: in vitro and in vivo studies. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 8312.
Shen, X., Shamshina, J. L., Berton, P., Gurau, G., & Rogers, R. D. (2016). Hydrogels based on cellulose and chitin: fabrication, properties, and applications. Green Chemistry, 18(1), 53-75.
Soto, E. R., & Ostroff, G. R. (2008). Characterization of multilayered nanoparticles encapsulated in yeast cell wall particles for DNA delivery. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 19(4), 840-848.
Suenaga, S., Totani, K., Nomura, Y., Yamashita, K., Shimada, I., Fukunaga, H.,Takahashi, N., & Osada, M. (2017). Effect of acidity on the physicochemical properties of α-and β-chitin nanofibers. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 102, 358-366.
Tabriz, A. G., & Douroumis, D. (2022). Recent advances in 3D printing for wound healing: A systematic review. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 103564.
Talati, R., Baker, W. L., Pabilonia, M. S., White, C. M., & Coleman, C. I. (2009). The effects of barley-derived soluble fiber on serum lipids. The Annals of Family Medicine, 7(2), 157-163.
Tan, T. S., Chin, H. Y., Tsai, M. L., & Liu, C. L. (2015). Structural alterations, pore generation, and deacetylation of α-and β-chitin submitted to steam explosion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 122, 321-328.
Tan, H., Zou, F., Liu, M., Ma, B., Guo, Y., & Jian, S. (2017). Effect of the adsorbing behavior of phosphate retarders on hydration of cement paste. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(9), 04017088.
Teng, S. H., Lee, E. J., Wang, P., Jun, S. H., Han, C. M., & Kim, H. E. (2009). Functionally gradient chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for controlled drug release. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 90(1), 275-282.
Tian, Z., Wang, S., Hu, X., Zhang, Z., & Liang, L. (2018). Crystalline reduction, surface area enlargement and pore generation of chitin by instant catapult steam explosion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 200, 255-261.
Tillhon, M., Ortiz, L. M. G., Lombardi, P., & Scovassi, A. I. (2012). Berberine: new perspectives for old remedies. Biochemical Pharmacology, 84(10), 1260-1267.
Thakur, G., Mitra, A., Basak, A., & Sheet, D. (2012). Characterization and scanning electron microscopic investigation of crosslinked freeze dried gelatin matrices for study of drug diffusivity and release kinetics. Micron, 43(2-3), 311-320.
Tsai, W. C., Wang, S. T., Chang, K. L. B., & Tsai, M. L. (2019). Enhancing saltiness perception using chitin nanomaterials. Polymers, 11(4), 719.
Tytgat, L., Kollert, M. R., Van Damme, L., Thienpont, H., Ottevaere, H., Duda, G. N., Geissler, S., Dubruel, P., Van Vlierberghe, S., & Qazi, T. H. (2020). Evaluation of 3D Printed Gelatin-Based Scaffolds with Varying Pore Size for MSC-Based Adipose Tissue Engineering. Macromolecular Bioscience, 20(4), e1900364.
Underhill, D. M., Rossnagle, E., Lowell, C. A., & Simmons, R. M. (2005). Dectin-1 activates Syk tyrosine kinase in a dynamic subset of macrophages for reactive oxygen production. Blood, 106(7), 2543–2550.
Waszkiewicz-Robak, B. (2013). Spent brewer’s yeast and beta-glucans isolated from them as diet components modifying blood lipid metabolism disturbed by an atherogenic diet. Lipid Metabolism, 261-290.
Wei, D., Zhang, L., Williams, D. L., & Browder, I. W. (2002). Glucan stimulates human dermal fibroblast collagen biosynthesis through a nuclear factor‐1 dependent mechanism. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 10(3), 161-168.
Wei, Y. C., Cheng, C. H., Ho, Y. C., Tsai, M. L., & Mi, F. L. (2017). Active gellan gum/purple sweet potato composite films capable of monitoring pH variations. Food Hydrocolloids, 69, 491-502.
Williams, D. L., McNamee, R. B., Jones, E. L., Pretus, H. A., Ensley, H. E., Browder, I. W., & Di Luzio, N. R. (1991). A method for the solubilization of a (1→ 3)-β-D-glucan isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Carbohydrate Research, 219, 203-213.
Wu, M., Yang, S., Wang, S., Cao, Y., Zhao, R., Li, X., Xing, Y., & Liu, L. (2020). Effect of Berberine on Atherosclerosis and Gut Microbiota Modulation and Their Correlation in High-Fat Diet-Fed ApoE-/- Mice. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 223.
Wynn, T. A., & Vannella, K. M. (2016). Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. Immunity, 44(3), 450-462.
Yen, M. T., Yang, J. H., & Mau, J. L. (2009). Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75(1), 15-21.
Young, S., Dea, S., & Nitin, N. (2017). Vacuum facilitated infusion of bioactives into yeast microcarriers: Evaluation of a novel encapsulation approach. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.), 100(Pt 2), 100–112.
Yu, M., Chen, Z., Guo, W., Wang, J., Feng, Y., Kong, X., & Hong, Z. (2015). Specifically targeted delivery of protein to phagocytic macrophages. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10, 1743–1757.
Zhang, P., He, L., Zhang, J., Mei, X., Zhang, Y., Tian, H., & Chen, Z. (2020). Preparation of novel berberine nano-colloids for improving wound healing of diabetic rats by acting Sirt1/NF-κB pathway. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 187, 110647.
Zhang, X., Miao, F., Niu, L., Wei, Y., Hu, Y., Lian, X., Zhao, L., Chen, W. & Huang, D. (2021). Berberine carried gelatin/sodium alginate hydrogels with antibacterial and EDTA-induced detachment performances. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 181, 1039-1046.
Zheng, Z., Huang, Q., Kang, Y., Liu, Y., & Luo, W. (2021). Different molecular sizes and chain conformations of water-soluble yeast β-glucan fractions and their interactions with receptor dectin-1. Carbohydrate Polymers, 273, 118568.