臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

真菌多醣作為藥物研究起始於1950年代，至今已累積超過七十年的眾多研究成果。本研究主要選取香菇、猴頭菇、黑木耳、銀耳與靈芝五種可食性真菌及其多醣製備為研究題材，針對真菌多醣的製備方法、分子結構特性與生理活性進行回顧性研究探討；最後著重在近年來興起的真菌多醣抗病毒活性的探討與應用。而就目前上市藥物的多醣種類，香菇多醣的上市藥物有:香菇多醣注射液;香菇多醣膠囊;香菇菌絲體多醣片，分子量為: 4x106~8x106 Da。而五種真菌多醣的單醣種類以靈芝為最多種的單醣種類，共有8種單醣，其相對比值為甘露糖:鼠李糖:半乳醣醛酸:葡萄糖:半乳糖:木糖:阿拉伯糖:岩藻糖 = 0.47 : 18.97 : 0 :1.59 : 2.05 : 1.91 : 1.17 : 0.85 : 1.00。真菌多醣有多種萃取方法，主要包括溶劑萃取法、酶法、超音波萃取法、微波萃取法和超臨界流體萃取法等萃取技術。溶劑萃取是這些萃取方法的基礎，微波萃取法能夠提高多醣萃取率，而超臨界流體萃取技術可以提高所得多醣的純度。不同種真菌多醣，可依要求和具備的條件，採用不同的萃取方法，或將幾種萃取方法配合使用來達成最好的萃取效果。五種真菌多醣用不同的萃取方法萃取，而萃取率最高為黑木耳，固液比1:70、溫度為70°C、輔助以超音波 40%、萃取時間40min、萃取率為30.99%；最低為靈芝，固液比1:12.5、溫度為81 °C、無其他輔助法、萃取時間58min、萃取率為2.34%，多項以超音波輔助萃取法及酶輔助萃取法對五種真菌多醣萃取的研究顯示，萃取溫度可以從80~100°C降低到室溫，可以從數十小時降低到數分鐘，而萃取成果可以維持相同或提高到2~7倍，是很實用的輔助萃取方法，可以用數十分之一的萃取時間達到相同的萃取效果，或是以相同的時間較低的溫度，達到數倍的萃取效率，這比較符合近年來追求環保節能的綠色永續工業的需求。真菌萃取物，並非直接用來攻擊致病源，而是通過刺激免疫細胞成熟、分化和增殖，改善宿主機能的平衡，達到恢復和提高宿主細胞對淋巴因子、激素及其它生理活性因子的反應性來對抗各種病毒，其中包括有:脊髓灰質炎病毒(PV-1)、牛皰疹病毒(BoHV-1)、甲型流感(H2N2)、人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)、重組甲型流感病毒(rvH1N1)、西方馬腦炎(WEE)等等，就香菇多醣萃取物而言，其可對抗的病毒有: Influenza流感、PV-1, BoHV-1、H2N2、IHNV infection、HSV-1等五種，而靈芝多醣萃取物可對抗的病毒有: HSV-1、HSV-2、HSV、EV71 Infection等四種。雖然香菇萃取的多醣與靈芝萃取的多醣都有所不同，但與其他真菌類萃取的多醣相比，對抗病毒的種類也較多。另外，真菌多醣的分子量、溶解度、黏稠度與劑量會影響其生理活性的強弱，利用真菌多醣來干擾病毒生命週期各階段活動。香菇在病毒生命週期的每一階段都有抗病毒的活性，例如香菇的水性 (AqE) 或乙醇 (EtOHE) 萃取物表現出適度殺死或PV-1和BoHV-1病毒及香菇多醣萃取物，在100g/mL的LNT-1下，抗病毒能力分別為62.34%、39.60%、53.63%和82.38%(MOI為0.05)可有效地將IHNV殺死，或是在吸附階段就阻止病毒接觸的功效，香菇多醣LNT-I有超過50%的能力直接作用於IHNV病毒顆粒以及阻止IHNV病毒複製，在阻止病毒吸附的幾個實驗顯示Aq. Ex. IC50 (mg/ml)-12.7, SI-5.82; EtOH Ex. IC50 (mg/ml)-1.3; SI-19.85。

The research on fungal polysaccharides as a drug began in the 1950s, and has accumulated many research results for more than seventy years. This study mainly selects five edible fungi and their polysaccharide preparations, namely Lentinus edodes, Hericium erinaceus, Auricularia auricula, Tremella fuciformis and Ganoderma lucidum as research subjects, and conducts retrospective research on the preparation methods, molecular structure characteristics and biological activities of fungal polysaccharides; finally focuses on Discussion and application of antiviral activity of fungal polysaccharides that have emerged in recent years. As for the types of polysaccharides of currently marketed drugs, the marketed drugs of lentinan include: lentinan injection; lentinan capsules; lentinan mycelium polysaccharide tablets, with a molecular weight of 4x106~8x106 Da. The monosaccharide species of the five fungal polysaccharides is the most in Auricularia auricula, and the relative ratio of mannose: rhamnose: glucuronic acid: glucose: galactose: xylose: arabinose: fucose is 0.47 : 18.97 : 0 :1.59 : 2.05 : 1.91 : 1.17 : 0.85 : 1.00.There are many extraction methods for fungal polysaccharides, including solvent extraction, enzymatic extraction, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Solvent extraction is the basis of these extraction methods, microwave extraction can improve the extraction rate of polysaccharides, and supercritical fluid extraction technology can improve the purity of polysaccharides obtained. For different fungal polysaccharides, different extraction methods can be used according to the requirements and conditions, or several extraction methods can be used in combination to achieve the best extraction effect. Five kinds of fungal polysaccharides were extracted by different extraction methods, The highest extraction rate is black fungus, with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:70, at a temperature of 70°C, assisted by 40% ultrasonic waves, an extraction time of 40 minutes, and an extraction rate of 30.99%; the lowest is Ganoderma lucidum, with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:12.5, at a temperature of 70°C. At 81 °C, without other auxiliary methods, the extraction time is 58min, and the extraction rate is 2.34%. A number of methods have been used to extract five kinds of fungal polysaccharides by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and enzyme-assisted extraction. Studies have shown that the extraction temperature can be lowered from 80-100°C to room temperature, and can be reduced from tens of hours to several minutes, while the extraction result can be kept the same or increased to 2-7 times. It is a very practical auxiliary extraction method that can be used A tenth of the extraction time achieves the same extraction effect, or several times the extraction efficiency at a lower temperature for the same time, which is more in line with the needs of green and sustainable industries that pursue environmental protection and energy saving in recent years. The fungal extract is not directly used to attack the pathogenic source, but to improve the balance of the host function by stimulating the maturation, differentiation and proliferation of immune cells, so as to restore and improve the responsiveness of the host cells to lymphokines, hormones and other physiologically active factors To fight against various viruses, including: poliovirus (PV-1), bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-1), influenza A (H2N2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), recombinant influenza A Viruses (rvH1N1), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), etc. As far as lentinan extract is concerned, the viruses it can combat include: Influenza, PV-1, BoHV-1, H2N2, IHNV infection, HSV-1, etc. Five types of viruses, and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract can fight against four types of viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, HSV, and EV71 Infection. Although the polysaccharides extracted from Lentinus edodes are different from the polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, compared with polysaccharides extracted from other fungi, there are more types of anti-virus. In addition, the molecular weight, solubility, viscosity and dosage of fungal polysaccharides will affect the strength of its physiological activity, and fungal polysaccharides can be used to interfere with the activities of each stage of the virus life cycle. Lentinus edodes have antiviral activity at every stage of the virus life cycle, for example aqueous (AqE) or ethanol (EtOHE) extracts of shiitake mushrooms showed moderate killing or PV-1 and BoHV-1 viruses and lentinan extracts, Under 100g/mL LNT-1, the antiviral ability is 62.34%, 39.60%, 53.63% and 82.38% (MOI is 0.05), which can effectively kill IHNV, or prevent virus contact in the adsorption stage , Lentinan LNT-I has more than 50% ability to directly act on IHNV virus particles and prevent IHNV virus replication. Several experiments in preventing virus adsorption showed Aq. Ex. IC50 (mg/ml)-12.7, SI-5.82; EtOH Ex. IC50 (mg/ml)-1.3; SI-19.85.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 VIII
第一章　緒論 1
第二章 真菌與真菌多醣 3
2.1生物的分類與真菌 3
2.2 真菌的介紹 5
2.3. 真菌類的生理活性功能 6
2.4常見的食用菇菌類極其多醣結構與生理活性介紹 6
2.4.1香菇之介紹 10
2.4.2猴頭菇之介紹 17
2.4.3黑木耳之介紹 22
2.4.4銀耳之介紹 28
2.4.5 靈芝介紹 37
2.5 五種真菌的成分含量 46
第三章　真菌多醣的製備 50
3.1.真菌類多醣萃取原理及優缺點 51
3.2多醣溶劑萃取法 54
3.3 綠色輔助萃取法 55
3.4萃取法之比較 59
3.5從靈芝中萃取生物活性物質的方法 60
第四章 真菌多醣的抗病毒活性 61
4.1 病毒的生命週期 61
4.2 真菌多醣的抗病毒活性以及抗病毒機制 62
4.3 真菌多醣的抗病毒活性機轉 68
4.4 多醣適用於抗病毒 70
第五章 多醣產品於醫藥領域之應用 72
5.1抗病毒、抗菌 75
5.2抗腫瘤劑 75
5.3 抗糖尿病藥 76
5.4 抗凝血劑 76
5.5抗發炎 76
5.6 抗氧化 76
5.7免疫調節 77
5.8神經保護 77
5.9傷口癒合 78
5.10 製造疫苗 78
5.11 綜合治療 78
第六章 結論與探討 80
參考文獻 83

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