臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

微型塑膠(Microplastics, MPs)廣泛存在於海洋環境中，由於其體積小且表面積較大，於水體環境中容易被水生生物攝入，進而使人體因攝食受MPs污染之水產品而危害健康。牡蠣可作為監測環境污染之指標生物，能反映水體環境污染狀況，因此本研究藉由調查表水與牡蠣中MPs之濃度，以瞭解水體環境污染情形，並評估MPs對環境生態之風險，以及臺灣民眾日常攝食水產品暴露於MPs之潛在健康風險。本研究於臺灣6個河口與1條河川下游處採集表水與牡蠣樣品，並使用解剖顯微鏡與顯微傅立葉轉換紅外光譜儀(Microscope Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer, μ-FTIR)分析樣本中MPs之形態特徵與濃度。本研究會以潛在生態風險分數(Potential Ecological Risk Score, RS)、風險商數(Risk Quotient, RQ)、及超越風險(Exceedance Risk, ER)評估環境生態風險。同時以ER評估臺灣19－65歲民眾攝食水產品暴露於MPs之人體健康風險。結果顯示，表水中MPs濃度介於0.025－4.701 items/m3，牡蠣中MPs濃度為0.015－2.374 items/g w.w.，其中依區域分布觀察結果以淡水河下游表水之污染程度最高(4.701 items/m3)，表明河川下游處MPs污染問題值得多加關注。由MPs形態特徵結果顯示，其污染來源可能受該流域牡蠣養殖活動、民生污染、及工業排放等因素影響。根據環境生態風險評估RS與RQ結果顯示，臺灣水體環境中塑膠材質對環境生態之危害與MPs之潛在風險皆為可接受。此外於10%機率下，牡蠣暴露於受MPs污染之水體環境下，會導致其死亡率至少上升至6%；而根據人體健康風險結果，於10%之機率下，僅攝食者族群(Consumer Only, CO)經由攝食水產品暴露於MPs，會導致其肝臟中三磷酸腺苷(Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP)與三酸甘油酯(Triglycerides, TG)含量分別至少下降至27.094 μmol/g protein與0.23540 mmol/g protein，而超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase, SOD)活性與血清中丙胺酸轉胺酶(Alanine Aminotransferase, ALT)含量則分別至少上升至236.78 U/mg protein與33.503 U/L，以ALT結果顯示，僅有千分之一的機率會造成其含量上升超過正常參考值(40 U/L)。根據靈敏度分析結果顯示，影響風險結果主要因素為貝類中MPs濃度，故需多加關注貝類中MPs之污染情形。根據本研究結果，環境MPs污染情形與生態風險皆以淡水河下游處相對較高，初步判斷其可能受民生污染影響，建議政府未來應加強監測與控管民生污染所造成之影響；針對八掌溪口應減少於牡蠣養殖所使用保麗龍浮具等污染源，或應妥善處理廢棄保麗龍浮具，以減少水體環境中MPs污染，進而降低水生生物與攝食水產品民眾經由環境污染所暴露之MPs。

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the oceans. Due to the small size and large surface area of MPs, they were easily ingested by marine organisms, and may cause health hazards to the human through ingestion of seafood contaminated by MPs. Oysters were considered to be a good indicator organism for monitoring environmental pollution, which could reflect the status of environmental pollution. Therefore, this study investigated the abundance of MPs in surface water and oysters to understand the environmental pollution status of MPs, then evaluated the ecological risk of MPs in aquatic environment and the potential human health risks of exposure to MPs through consumption of seafood. In this study, the samples of surface water and oysters were collected from 6 estuaries and 1 downstream of rivers in Taiwan. Then using stereomicroscope and microscope Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (μ-FTIR) to analyze the morphological characteristics and the abundance of MPs. This study evaluated the ecological risks using potential ecological risk score (RS), risk quotient (RQ) and exceedance risk (ER). At the same time, this study also used ER to assess the potential health risk of the 19－65 years population in Taiwan which were exposed to MPs through consumption of seafood. The results showed that the abundance of MPs in surface water and oysters were ranging from 0.025－4.701 items/m3 and 0.015－2.374 items/g w.w.. We also found the highest abundance of MPs in Tamsui River downstream (4.701 items/m3), which indicated that the problem of MPs pollution in downstream rivers deserved more attention. The morphological characteristics of MPs showed that the pollution of MPs was affected by oyster farming activities, people's livelihood pollution and industrial emissions. According to the results of RS and RQ, the hazards of different plastic types and the potential risks of MPs in the aquatic environment were indicated negligible risk for the ecosystem. In addition, oysters exposed to MPs in the aquatic environment resulted in 6% oyster mortality at a 10% probability. For human health risks at a 10% probability, the consumer only (CO) group which exposed to MPs through the consumption of seafood caused the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and triglycerides (TG) level in the liver decrease to at least 27.094 μmol/g protein and 0.23540 mmol/g protein, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in the serum increased to at least 236.78 U/mg protein and 33.503 U/L, and there was only a 0.1% probability that the ALT level will rise up to the reference value (40 U/L). According to the sensitivity analysis result, the main factor which affect the final evaluation result was the concentration of MPs in shellfish, therefore it was necessary to pay more attention to the pollution of MPs in shellfish. Based on the results of this study, the MPs pollution and ecological risk in the environment are relatively high in Tamsui River downstream. We preliminarily judged that it may be affected by the pollution of people's livelihood, and suggested that the government should strengthen monitoring and management of the impact of pollution on people's livelihood in the future; In response to the contamination sources such as expanded polystyrene floatation devices used in oyster aquaculture at Bazhang River estuary, measures should be taken to either minimize the utilization or adequately manage the discarded devices. This is essential for mitigating the pollution of MPs within the aquatic environment, consequently leading to a reduction in the exposure of marine organisms and the human population consuming aquatic products, which resulting from the environmental pollution of MPs.

摘要 V
Abstract VI
目次 VIII
圖次 X
表次 XII
索引表 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 微型塑膠定義 3
2.2 微型塑膠污染 3
2.2.1 環境中微型塑膠 3
2.2.2 食品中微型塑膠 5
2.3 微型塑膠型態 6
2.4 微型塑膠材質 7
2.5 微型塑膠檢測方法 8
2.6 微型塑膠毒性試驗 9
2.7 微型塑膠潛在風險 10
第三章 材料與方法 12
3.1 環境生態風險評估 12
3.1.1 環境生態風險研究架構 12
3.1.2採樣策略規劃 12
3.1.3 表水中微型塑膠分析方法 13
3.1.4 牡蠣中微型塑膠分析方法 14
3.1.5 環境生態風險評估方法 14
3.2 人體健康風險評估 18
3.2.1人體健康風險研究架構 18
3.2.2 人體健康風險評估方法 19
3.3 機率分析 21
第四章 結果 23
4.1 微型塑膠濃度分析結果 23
4.1.1 表水中微型塑膠 23
4.1.2牡蠣中微型塑膠 23
4.1.3 微型塑膠型態特徵 23
4.2 環境生態風險評估結果 24
4.3 人體健康風險評估結果 26
4.4 不確定性分析 29
第五章 討論 32
5.1 微型塑膠濃度探討 32
5.1.1 表水中微型塑膠探討與其他文獻比較 32
5.1.2 牡蠣中微型塑膠探討與其他文獻比較 34
5.1.3 表水與牡蠣中微型塑膠相關性探討 35
5.1.4 微型塑膠形態分布與可能污染來源探討 36
5.2 環境生態風險評估結果探討 38
5.2.1 不同環境生態風險評估方法與結果探討 38
5.2.2 環境生態之風險管理建議 41
5.3 人體健康風險評估結果探討 41
5.3.1人體攝入微型塑膠暴露量與其他文獻探討 41
5.3.2人體暴露於微型塑膠之超越風險結果探討 43
第六章 總結 45
第七章 未來研究建議 46
參考文獻 48

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